104 



CHANTILLY 



4'liailt illy, a town in the French department 

 of Oise, 26 miles NNE. of Paris. One of the most 

 beautiful places in the vicinity of the capital, and 

 the headquarters of French horse-racing, it attracts 

 immense numbers of visitors. Apart from its 

 natural beauty, ii is interesting as the place 

 where the Great Conde spent the last twenty years 

 of his life in the society of Moliere, Boileau, Racine, 

 La Fontaine, and Bossuet, and where his cook 

 killed himself, on the occasion of a royal visit, 

 because the fish failed to arrive. His magnificent 

 chateau was pulled down at the Revolution of 1793, 

 but was rebuilt by the Due d'Aumale, who bought 

 back the estate in 1872, and who in 1886 presented 

 it to the French Institute, with its priceless art 

 collections, its celebrated stables for 250 horses, and 

 its 16th-century 'Petit Chateau,' one of the finest 

 specimens of Renaissance architecture in France. 

 The grounds, park, and forest, 6050 acres in area, 

 are of great beauty truly a princely gift, its 

 value nearly 2,000,000. The manufacture of silk 

 pillow-lace, or blonde, so famous in the 18th cen- 

 tury, is all but extinct. Pop. (1891 ) 4022. 



Chantrey, SIR FRANCIS LEGATT, an eminent 

 English sculptor, was born at Jordanthorpe, in 

 Derbyshire, on 7th April 1781 (not 1782, as has been 

 generally said). His father, who was a carpenter, 

 and rented a small farm, died when Chantrey was 

 only twelve years of age, leaving the mother in 

 narrow circumstances. The boy was in 1797 appren- 

 ticed for seven years to a carver and gilder in Sheffield 

 called Ramsay. It was in these humble circum- 

 stances that Chantrey acquired the rudiments of art. 

 He began to model in clay and to draw portraits 

 and landscapes in pencil. His efforts were encour- 

 aged by J. R. Smith, the mezzotint engraver : he 

 acquired some local celebrity as a portrait painter, 

 and in 1802 was enabled to cancel his indentures 

 with Ramsay. Soon afterwards he came to London, 

 and studied for a short time in the schools of the 

 Royal Academy, employing himself also in wood- 

 carving. In 1805 he received his first commission 

 for a marble bust, that of the Rev. J. Wilkinson, 

 for the parish church, Sheffield. This was followed 

 by commissions for colossal busts of admirals for 

 Greenwich Hospital ; and having in 1807 married a 

 cousin with some property, his early struggles were 

 over. In 1808 he was successful in the competition 

 for the statue of George III. for Guildhall, and 

 during the rest of his life he was largely employed 

 on works of portraiture. The features of the most 

 celebrated men of his time were transcribed by his 

 chisel, and it was in this class of severely realistic 

 work that he most uniformly excelled ; though 

 probably his most widely known statue-group is 

 that of the ' Sleeping Children ' in Lichneld 

 Cathedral, a subject its design has been attrib- 

 uted, in error, to Flaxman in which the real 

 and the ideal seem to meet and blend. His busts 

 include those of James Watt, Wordsworth, and the 

 two very celebrated heads of Sir W. Scott, which 

 he executed in 1820 and 1828. Among his statues 

 are Sir Joseph Banks (1827), Sir John Malcolm 

 (1837), Francis Horner, William Pitt, George 

 IV. , and the Duke of Wellington ; while his 

 head of Satan and his ' Plenty ' designs for Sheaf 

 House, Sheffield, and his ' Penelope ' at W T oburn, 

 are examples of his rare treatment of ideal and 

 imaginative subjects. In 1816 Chantrey was 

 elected an Associate, in 1818 a Member of the 

 Royal Academy ; and in 1835 he was knighted by 

 William IV. Allan Cunningham, the poet, was his 

 secretary and superintendent of works from 1814 

 till the date of Chantrey's death, 25th November 

 1841. The sculptor acquired by the practice of his 

 art a fortune of about 150,000 ; and bequeathed to 

 the Royal Academy, with liferent to his widow, 

 who died in 1875, a sum yielding about 3000 



annually, of which the president was to receive 

 300 and the secretary 50, and the rest was to be 

 devoted to the purchase of works of art executed 

 in Great Britain. Many national acquisitions have 

 already been made by means of this ' Chantrey 

 Fund. See John Holland's Memorials of Chantrey 

 (1851). 



Chantry (Fr.chanterie, from chanter, 'to sing'), 

 a term applied alike to endowments or benefices 

 to provide for the chanting of masses, and to the 

 chapels in which such masses are celebrated. These 

 endowments were commonly made in the form of 

 testamentary bequests, the object being to insure 

 the erection of a chapel near or over the spot where 

 the testator was buried, and to remunerate the 

 priests for saying masses in it for the repose of his 

 soul, or of the souls of others named in his will. 

 Many such chantry chapels are still to be seen in 

 English parish churches ; but they were more 

 common in abbeys and monastic establishments, in 

 which it was deemed a privilege to be buried, and 

 where some such ottering to the brotherhood was in 

 a measure the price of sepulture. These chapels, 

 which have generally the tomb of the founder in 

 the middle of them, are separated from the aisles 

 or nave of the church by open screen-work. Some- 

 times, again, they are separate erections, project- 

 ing from the church externally ; but in cathedrals 

 and the larger churches they are generally con- 

 structed within the church, often between the 

 piers. Many chantries are lavishly enriched with 

 sculpture and tracery of all descriptions, and some 

 of them are adorned with gilding and painting. 



Chanzy, ANTOINE EUGENE ALFRED, French 

 general, born at Nouart (Ardennes )* 18th March 

 1823, entered the artillery as a private, received a 

 commission in the Zouaves in 1841, and served 

 almost uninterruptedly in Africa till 1870. After 

 the revolution or the 4th September the Govern- 

 ment of National Defence appointed him a general 

 of division ; in December he was placed at the head 

 of the second Army of the Loire, and resisted the 

 invaders inch by inch with a stubborn valour that 

 won the respect of the Germans and the confidence 

 of his countrymen, and which found a fitting close 

 in the great six days' conflict about Le Mans. 

 He was elected to the National Assembly, and 

 narrowly escaped being shot by the Communists 

 in 1871. In 1873-79 he was governor-general of 

 Algeria. Chosen a life senator in 1875, he was 

 put forward for the presidency in 1879. He was 

 ambassador at St Petersburg in 1879-81, and after- 

 wards commanded the 6th army corps at Chalons, 

 where he died suddenly, 4th January 1883. See- 

 Chuquet, Le General Chanzy (1884). 



ChaOS signified, in the ancient cosmogonies, 

 that vacant infinite space out of which sprang all 

 things that exist. Some poets make it trie single 

 original source of all ; others mention along with it 

 Gsea, Tartaros, and Eros. By some also only the 

 rough outlines of heaven and earth were supposed 

 to have proceeded from Chaos, while the organisa- 

 tion and perfecting of all things was the work of 

 Eros. Still later cosmogonists, such as Ovid, 

 represent it as that confused, shapeless mass out 

 of which the universe was formed into a kosmos, 

 or harmonious order. Hesiod makes Chaos the 

 mother of Erebus and Nox. In Gen. i. 1-2, after 

 God created heaven and earth, the earth was yet 

 ' waste and void (tohu va-bohu), and darkness was 

 upon the face of the deep ' ( tehom, the Chaldee 

 tiamat). See ADAM AND EVE. 



Chapala, a lake of Mexico, on the high 

 plateau of Jalisco, surrounded by steep, bare 

 mountains. It has an estimated area of 1300- 

 sq. in., contains many islands, and is traversed by 

 the Rio Grande de Santiago. 



