106 



CHAPEL ROYAL 



CHAPMAN 



Pucelle, dealt with the story of Joan of Arc, in 

 twenty-four books. Its appearance covered its 

 author with ridicule. Chapelain was gibbeted in 

 the satires of Boileau, and the critic's severity 

 was in this case amply justified by the dullness 

 and grotesque absurdities of the work which he 

 attacked. Chapelain also wrote a number of odes, 

 one of which, composed in honour of Cardinal 

 Richelieu, is not without merit. An edition of 

 part of the Pucelle ( 1 vol. folio ) was published in 

 1656. The last twelve books still remain in manu- 

 script in the Bibliotheque Imperiale. 



Chapel Royal, in England, consists of a dean, 

 sub-dean, forty-eight chaplains, ten priests in 

 ordinary, and a numerous lay choir, styled gentle- 

 men of the chapel, with a clerk of the closet, and 

 deputy-clerks of the closet, and an organist. The 

 chaplain's duty is preaching, a certain number 

 being appointed beforehand to take duty each 

 month or the year ; the liturgical offices are per- 

 formed by the dean, sub-dean, and priests in 

 ordinary. The establishment is bound to attend 

 the sovereign wherever the court happens to be ; 

 but in fact the services of the chapel are confined 

 to London formerly to the chapel at Whitehall, 

 destroyed by fire after the Restoration, more 

 recently to the small oratory in St James's Palace. 

 The earliest records concerning the Chapel Royal 

 date from the reign of Edward IV. 



The CHAPEL ROYAL QF SCOTLAND was an ancient 

 foundation originally located in Stirling Castle, 

 founded by Alexander I., and liberally endowed 

 by his successors. In the reign of Queen Mary the 

 Chapel Royal was transferred to Holyrood House. 

 After the Reformation ' the minister of the king's 

 household ' conducted service in it, and the chapel 

 was used as their parish church by the people of 

 the Canongate. It was endowed with the teinds 

 of various churches, and the revenues of the abbey 

 of Dundrennan. During the period of Episcopal 

 church government the Chapel Royal of Holyrood 

 was presided over by a dean, generally one of the 

 bishops, and served by a number of chaplains (see 

 HOLYROOD). After the Revolution the revenues 

 of the Chapel Royal were bestowed on various 

 ministers and chaplains. In accordance with the 

 report of the University Commission issued in 

 1863 the whole revenues have latterly been taken 

 to augment the income of several professors of 

 divinity, among whom they are divided. The 

 present Dean of the Order of the Thistle is 

 appointed by his commission from the crown the 

 Dean of the Chapel Royal of Scotland. The other 

 members of the chapel are the chaplains in ordinary, 

 six in number, who are appointed during the 

 pleasure of the crown. Neither the dean nor the 

 chaplains receive any of the revenues of the Chapel 

 Royal, which have been all disposed of in the 

 manner stated, and their duties are purely honorary. 



Chaperon, a hood or cap worn by knights of 

 the Garter. Such a hood was at one time in general 

 use, but was latterly appropriated to doctors and 

 licentiates in colleges. A person who acts as a 

 guide and protector to a lady at public places is 

 called a chaperon, probably from this particular 

 piece of dress having been used on such occasions. 

 The name was also applied to devices which were 

 placed on the heads of horses at pompous funerals. 



Chaplain, originally an ecclesiastic who accom- 

 panied an army, and carried the relics of the patron 

 saint ( see CHAPEL ). It now signifies a clergyman 

 employed to officiate at court, in the household of 

 a nobleman or bishop, in prisons, with troops, and 

 on board ship. Such officials appear first in the 

 palaces of the Byzantine emperors. For the royal 

 chaplains in Britain, see CHAPEL ROYAL. For 

 prison and workhouse chaplains, see PRISON, POOR. 



An ARMY CHAPLAIN, in Britain, is a clergyman 

 not having charge of a parish, especially com- 

 missioned to do duty with troops. The office, 

 which has existed for many years, was at one 

 time regarded as a saleable perquisite; but the 

 system was reorganised and improved in 1796. 

 The Chaplains' Department, a branch of the 

 Military Department of the War Office, consists 

 of a Chaplain-general, ranking as major-general ; 

 16 Chaplains to the Forces of the first class, 

 ranking as colonels ; 10 of the second class, 

 ranking as lieutenant-colonels; 18 of the third 

 class, ranking as majors ; and 35 of the fourth 

 class, ranking as captains. Of these, 13 are Roman 

 Catholic and 6 Presbyterian. Their pay, which in 

 the fourth class is 10s. a day, rises to 22s. 6d. in 

 the highest rank, the chaplain -general receiving 

 1000 a year. Chaplains are sent on active service 

 with the troops, and in peace are allotted to the 

 various military stations. Their duties are to con- 

 duct divine service in camp or barracks, officiate at 

 burials, baptisms, and churchings, visit the hospital 

 and barrack-rooms, give religious instruction in the 

 schools, and generally treat the soldiers and their 

 families as though they were their parishioners. 

 Where the number of troops is small, the parish 

 clergyman is appointed acting chaplain, performs 

 these duties, and receives head-money. Soldiers 

 who do not belong to the Church of England are 

 marched to the nearest place of worship belonging 

 to their denomination, and head-money is granted 

 to the minister in charge. In the United States 

 army, regimental chaplains and post-chaplains may 

 be of any of the regular denominations. They , 

 mostly have the rank of captain. 



NAVY CHAPLAIN. Every large ship in commis- 

 sion has a chaplain. The Navy Estimates provide 

 for above 100 commissioned chaplains, at stipends 

 varying from 219 to 401 per annum. The Chap- 

 lain of the Fleet has an income ( with allowances ) 

 of 759 a year. The chaplains perform divine 

 service at stated times on shipboard, visit the sick 

 sailors, and assist in maintaining moral discipline 

 among the crew. The estimates also include a sum 

 of about 3500 as ' allowances to ministers of 

 religion,' besides the salaries of chaplains. In the 

 United States navy, chaplains on the active list are 

 of various relative ranks, from that of lieutenant 

 to that of captain. 



Cliapinail, a trader, but popularly applied in a 

 more limited sense to a dealer in small articles, 

 who travels as a pedlar or attends markets. Our 

 familiar chap, ' a fellow, ' is a mere shortening of 

 the name, wnich is derived from A.S. cedp, 'trade,' 

 seen in Cheapside, EastcAeop, and in cognate form 

 in Copenhagen. See CHAP-BOOK. 



Chapman, GEORGE, dramatist and translator of 

 Homer, was born near Hitchin, Hertfordshire, about 

 1559. He is supposed to have studied at Oxford 

 University, and to have afterwards proceeded to 

 Cambridge. From a passage in his earliest poem, 

 The Shadow of Night (1594), it has been somewhat 

 hastily inferred that he served as a volunteer under 

 Sir Francis Vere in the Netherlands. To Lawrence 

 Keymis's Relation of the Second Voyage to Guiana 

 (1596) he prefixed a spirited poem, De Guiana, 

 Carmen Epicum. His earliest extant play, The 

 Blind Beggar of Alexandria, which has little 

 merit, but was very popular, was produced in 

 February 1595-96, and printed in 1598. The excel- 

 lent comedy, All Fools, printed in 1605, was prob- 

 ably produced in 1599 ; and about this time he 

 wrote other plays, which have perished. In 1598 

 he completed Marlowe's unfinished poem, Hero and 

 Leander. The first of his Homeric translations 

 was Seven Books of the Iliads of Homer ( 1598). It 

 is a translation of books i. ii. vii.-xi., and is 



