CHARLES ALBERT 



123 



Jourdan, and even successfully opposed Massena. 

 i hail health compelled him to retire 

 friim active service ; but he accepted the governor 

 generalship of Bohemia, where lie soon formed a 

 M. -\\ ainr, . \fter the battle of Hohenlinden he 

 again called to the chief command, and suc- 

 ceeded in staying the rapid progress of Moreau 

 until the armistice which preceded the peace of 

 l.iiiii-\ ill.-. In 1805 he commanded the army 

 opposed to Massena in Italy, and fought the hard 

 halt If of Caldiero ; but upon bad tidings from 

 Germany, made a masterly retreat from the left 

 hank or the Adige to Croatia. In 1809 he won 

 tin- great battle of Aspern, which first showed to 

 Knrope that Napoleon was not invincible; but 

 Nai>olcon soon retrieved his fortunes at Wagram, 

 ami the archduke had to give way before th 

 i-iiftiiy. till he reached Znaim, where an armistice 

 \\as concluded. In the campaigns of 1813-14 he 

 had no part; and he died 30th April 1847. See 

 his A nxii,'tii'thlte Schriften ( 6 vols. 1893-94). 



4'liarles Albert, king of Sardinia (1831-49), 

 hum 29th October 1798, was the son of the Prince 

 Charles Emmanuel of Savoy -Carignan, and in 1800 

 succeeded to his father's title and estates in France 

 and Piedmont. In 1817 he married Maria Theresa, 

 daughter of the Archduke Ferdinand of Tuscany. 

 When the revolutionary movement took place in 

 Piedmont in 1821, he was made regent, upon the 

 nhilication of Victor Emmanuel, until Charles 

 Felix, the brother of the late king, should arrive 

 to assume the sovereignty. In 1829 he was ap- 

 pointed viceroy of Sardinia, and on the death of 

 Charles Felix in 1831 he ascended the throne. His 

 prudent moderation brought upon him the im- 

 patient denunciations of Mazzini, but earned him 

 the applause of all moderate and far-sighted men 

 throughout the peninsula, who began to see that 

 the salvation of Italy could be worked out through 

 the house of Savoy alone. The king's zeal for 

 the cause of a united Italy was no mere selfish 

 eagerness for the aggrandisement of his house, 

 but a feeling as enlightened and patriotic as the 

 sagacious calculation of Cavour, the fiery and 

 reckless valour of Garibaldi, or the prophetic 

 ardour of Mazzini. In the March of 1848 he 

 declared war against Austria ; but gradually lost 

 ground in the struggle, until, after the fatal battle 

 oi Xovara, 24th March 1849, to save his kingdom 

 he had to resign the crown in favour of his son, 

 Victor Emmanuel. He next retired to Portugal, 

 where he died, broken-hearted and misunderstood, 

 at Oporto on 28th July of the same year. See 

 Life by Cibrario (Turin, 1861). 



Charles Dlartel. See CHARLES, p. 115. 



Charles's Wain. See URSA MAJOR. 



Charleston, the metropolis of South Carolina, 

 a port of entry and the capital of a county of its own 

 name, is situated on a tongue 

 of land between the rivers Ash- 

 ley and Cooper, which unite 

 immediately below the town and form a beautiful 

 and spacious harbour, communicating with the 

 ocean at Sullivan's Island, a popular sea-bathing 

 resort, 7 miles below. It is 115 miles NK. of 

 Savannah, 580 miles SW. of Baltimore, and .">io 

 miles SSW. of Washington. The ground on which 

 tin' city is built is elevated 8 or 9 feet above tin- 

 level or the harbour at high tide, which rises about 

 6 feet, flowing by the city with a strong current, 

 thus contributing to its salubrity. It has a water 

 front of 9 miles. A shifting sandbar extends across 

 the mouth of the harbour, affording, however, two 

 entrances, of which the deepest, near Sullivan's 

 Island, has 16 feet of water at low tide. Jetties, 

 which are expected to give a depth of 25 feet of 

 water on the bar, have since 1878 been under con- 



Copyright 1889, 1897, and 

 1900 In the U. S. by J. B. 

 Llpplnoott Company. 



M ruction by the national government. The har- 

 bour is defended by Castle Pinckney and Fort 

 Stimter, each on an island, the former 2 and the 

 latter 6 miles below the city, and also by Fort 

 Moultrie, on Sullivan's Island. Forte Kipfey and 

 Johnson, now abandoned, have only an historic 

 interest. At the entrance of the harbour IM a 

 lighthouse, with a flashing light, 125 feet high. 



Charleston is regularly built, and extend-, alxmt 

 3 miles in length and nearly 1 .1 miles in breadth. 

 It bus a copious water-supply from a large artesian 

 well (1970 feet in depth). The streets, many of 

 which are broad and bordered with shade-trees, 

 pass, for the most part, parallel to one another, 

 from the Cooper to the Ashley Kiver, and are 

 intersected by others nearly at right angles. Many 

 of the houses are of brick, some of them of 

 superior elegance ; others are of wood, neatly 

 painted, and embowered during the summer season 

 amid a profusion of foliage. Among the public 

 buildings are the custom-house, the city hall, the 

 court-house, the citadel, the academy of music, 

 the theatre, the orphan asylum, ano: the police 

 barracks. The custom-house is a handsome edi- 

 fice, built of granite and white marble. At the 

 southern extremity of the city is a small park 

 called the Battery or White Point Garden, with a 

 fine promenade on the sea-wall. The most im- 

 portant educational and literary institutions are 

 the Charleston College (non-sectarian), which was 

 founded in 1785 and reorganised in 1837 ; the 

 Medical College of South Carolina (1833); the 

 State Military Academy, also called the Citadel ; 

 the high school ; the female seminary ; a normal 

 school for girls ; and the Charleston Library ( 1748). 

 The Charleston College has an excellent museum 

 of natural history. There are good public, private, 

 and parochial scnools for white and coloured chil- 

 dren. Charleston is the seat of an Episcopal and 

 a Roman Catholic bishop, and contains forty 

 churches. St Michael's Church (Episcopal) is a 

 brick structure, with a steeple 180 feet high, and 

 a chime of bells imported from England in 1764. 

 Among the benevolent institutions are the city 

 hospital, the Confederate Home for Widows, the 

 almshouse, the asylum for the ajjed and infirm, 

 and the orphan asylum, which is liberally en- 

 dowed, and can accommodate three hundred chil- 

 dren. There are also Catholic orphan asylums 

 and a convent. 



Charleston is the chief commercial city of South 

 Carolina, and has an advantageous position for 

 trade. Steamships ply regularly between this 

 port and New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and 

 Florida ; and three railroads meet here, with a 

 large wharf frontage, elevators, and every facility 

 for through shipments and the quick despatch of 

 freight. The coastwise trade far exceeds the 

 foreign in extent and importance. The chief 

 articles of export are cotton, rice, naval stoi<-~ 

 (rosin, oil of turpentine, tar, &c.), cotton goods, 

 timber, market-garden produce, phosphate rock, 

 and crude and manufactured fertilisers ; the value 

 of the principal exports reaches $30,000,000 in a 

 year (the most important being phosphates). The 

 imports are chiefly salt, iron, ale, brimstone, kainite, 

 and fruits from the West Indies. Then- is a large 

 wholesale distributing trade in dry goods, clothing, 

 drugs, &C. ; and the city has large machine-shops, 

 cotton-presses, grist-mifis, cotton-mills, rice-mills, 

 ship-yards, a dry-dock for large >hij.-. and extru- 

 sive manufactures of phosphate of lime, which 

 alxMinds in the vicinity. Whereas only 6 tons of 

 phosphate were mined in 1867, the amount now 

 annually raised is about 300,000 tons. 



The city was founded in 1680 ; a few years 

 later a company of French Hufpienots, exiled 

 for their religion, settled at this place. On the 



