CHA88EPOT 



CHATEAUBRIAND 



131 



- uf age, I '-(Mm.- a lieutenant in 17H1, and 

 rapiain in 17*7. After the failure of the revolu- 

 tionary movement he took French service; was 

 appointed lieutenant-colonel in 1793; and two 



- later found himself marching towards the 

 Netherlands under the command of Pichegru. Me 

 afterwards fought with the French in t'iennaiu 

 :in.l Spain, gaining great distinction, and iVom 

 Napoleon himself, from his fondness for bayonet 

 charges, the name of 'General Baionette.' He 

 \\a* made a baron by Louis Bonaparte in 1809. \> 

 lieutenant-general of the Dutcn forces in 1815 

 Chasse did good service at Waterloo against his old 

 comrades, the French. As governor of Antwerp he 

 became famous by his heroic three- weeks' defence of 

 the citadel with 5000 men against 60,000 Belgians 

 and French (1832). He died May 2, 1849. 



Chassepot, ANTOINE ALPHONSE, French in- 

 ventor, born 4th March 1833, was an employee in 

 the Paris arsenal of St Thomas, where he became 

 an official in 1858, and in 1803 brought before the 

 government the model of his riHe, adopted three 

 years afterwards (see BREECH-LOADING, RIFLES). 

 In 1895 he was keeping a hotel in Nice. 



Chasseurs ( Fr. , ' hunters ' ) is a name used since 

 1741 for certain corps d'tltte of the French army. 

 The Chasseurs-d-cheval and the Chasseurs cFAfrique 

 are light cavalry. The latter were raised in 1831 

 for service in Africa, mounted on Arab horses, and 

 wearing a distinct uniform. There were in 1888 

 twenty regiments of Chasseurs-a-cheval, and four 

 of Chasseurs d'Afrique. Uniform, sky-blue tunic 

 with red trousers. The Chasseurs-a-pied are light 

 infantry corresponding to the Rifle Corps of the 

 British and the Jagers ( ' hunters ' ) of the German 

 and Austrian armies. One regiment, the Chasseurs 

 de Vincennes, formed in 1838, has always been 

 especially famous for rapidity and precision of 

 movement, as well as accuracy of tire. There are 

 now thirty battalions of Chasseurs-a-pied in the 

 French army. Uniform, dark-blue tunic and iron- 

 gray trousers instead of red. 



Chastelard, PIERRE DE BOSCOSEL DE, a 

 hapless French poet, born in Dauphine about 

 1540, became a page in the household of the 

 Constable Montmorency, afterwards in that of the 

 Marshal Damville, and accompanied the latter to 

 Scotland in his escort of Queen Mary ( 1561 ). 

 Here he fell madly in love with the queen, and 

 Mary was indiscreet enough to amuse herself with 

 his passion, receiving without displeasure the 

 amorous verses which the poet laid before her. 

 Mi-interpreting the goodwill of the queen, Chaste- 

 lard ventured to conceal himself under her bed, 

 was discovered and forgiven, but on a repetition of 

 his offence at Burntisland early in 1563, where the 

 queen was resting on her journey to St Andrews, 

 was seized and executed on the following morning. 

 He is the subject of a tragedy, the first of the 

 trilogy devoted by Mr Swinburne to the history 

 of Mary. 



Chaste Tree. See VITEX. 



Chasuble (Lat. casula, casubitla, and cos- 

 sib nla ; also pcenula, planeta ; Gr. phelonion or 

 phainolcs), the uppermost garment worn by priests 

 in the Eastern and the Roman Catholic Church 

 when robed for the celebration of the mass ; having 

 been at first a secular garment of ceremony com- 

 mon to both sexes. When adopted as an ecclesias- 

 tical robe, it was for some centuries used by all 

 grades of the clergy, even as low as that of the 

 acolytes, and its earliest restriction to priests 

 appears in Canon xxviii. of the Fourth Council of 

 Toledo, in 633 A.D. It was called also 'the Vest- 

 ment,' though this term more properly denotes col- 

 lectively all the robes worn at mass, of which the 

 chasuble is the principal item. Originally it cov- 



( 'hasuble. 



ered the priest from head to hn>t, like a little house, 



\\ li.-ii.-i- some writers think it had ito name of catula 



(hid. Mispal., ttriy. xix. 24). 



The earliest direct evidence for 



it as a sacerdotal robe is in 



i IK- mo-aics of San Vitale at 



Raveuna(547 A.D. ), where A rdi 



bishop Maxiniian is depicted 



wearing it. Rich materials, 



cloth of gold or silver, -ilk, 



and velvet, elaborately em- 



broidered, were used for it. In 



the middle ages it was of an 



elliptical shape, like a vesica 



^/.v/'.v, with a hole in the middle 



for the head ; it had no sleeves. 



When put on it showed two 



peaks, one hanging down be- 



fore ; another, on wnich a cross 



was embroidered, hanging down 



behind, though in Italy the 



cross was and is usually in 



front. The Greek chasuble is 



ampler and rounder than the 



Latin form, having more 'the 



nature of a mantle, and the 



episcopal chasuble is provided 



with a pattern of crosses. Arch- 



bishops do not wear the chas- 



uble, but another vestment named Sahkos, which 



is worn by bishops also in Russia. The modern 



Latin form is commonly a parallelogram with 



rounded angles, or else resembles a violin. In the 



Reformed Church of England the chasuble was 



enjoined as the celebrant's robe at Holy Com- 



munion by the Prayer-book of 1549, prohibited by 



that of 1552, but again legalised in 1559. It re- 



mained, however, in practical abeyance (its place 



in cathedrals and on solemn occasions being sup- 



plied by the cope) till recent times, when its use 



has been partially revived, first in 1851 at St 



Thomas the Martyr in Oxford. In France the 



press or wardrobe in which chasubles were kept 



was called the chusublier. 



Chat (Saxicola), a genus of small birds in the 

 Thrush family (Turdida;). The bill at the base 

 is broader than its height, and the upper portion 

 is not hooked. The genus includes some thirty- 

 six species, especially at home in northern tem- 

 perate regions, frequenting dry stony places, and 

 nesting in holes. They are lively birds, flitting 

 about rapidly and untiringly in pursuit of insects, 

 on which they chiefly feed. The Wheatear (S. 

 cenanthe) is a good example, found in Europe, 

 North Africa, and North America, and along with 

 other chats frequent in Britain. Yellow-breasted 

 Chat is a popular name for a bird common in the 

 United States, and technically known as Icteria 



Chata (Pterocles alchata), a desert fowl of 

 the nature of a grouse, occurring in wast* places 

 in Southern Europe, North Africa, Arabia, and 

 Syria. It is very good to eat, and large numbers 

 are shot. 



Chateau, CHATEL, or CASTEL, from the Lat. 

 castellum, 'a fort,' enters as a component part 

 into many names of places in France. See CASTLE. 

 A ' chateau en Espagne ' is a castle in the air. 



Chateaubriand, FRANCOIS RENE, VICOMTB 

 DE, a distinguished French writer and politician, 

 was born at St Malo, in Brittany, on September 4, 

 1768. He belonged to a noble Breton family, and 

 was the youngest of ten children. His early years 

 were spent partly by the sea at St Malo and partly 

 in the seclusion of the woodland chateau of Com- 

 bourg. He was educated at Dol and Rennes, 

 and served for a short time as an ensign in the 



