CHAl.MoNT 



CHAZARS 



139 



at Nevers in 1763. He was some yean a seaman, 



hut the opening df tin* Revolution fotiml him a clerk 

 at I'siris. HI- attached himself to Camillt- !><> 

 nioiilin-, and soon gained such iMipularity by lu- 

 xtravagant Bansculottisin that In- wax ap{>ointed 

 procurator of tin- commune of Paris. In his y.eal he 

 ii-il his own Christian name, Pierre, as having 

 been sullied by saintly associations, and styled 

 liimself ' Anaxagoras. ' The institution of the 

 n ilninal of the Revolution, the decree for a revolu- 

 tionary army, and the law against suspected 

 aristocrats, were largely due to his efforts. One 

 i>t liis proposals was that all Parisians should wear 

 sabots, another that the Tuileries and Luxemburg 

 gardens should l>e planted with potatoes. His 

 antii-s in connection with the 'worship of reason' 

 exciti-il tin- tlisgust of Robespierre, who devised 

 measures for bringing the whole company of actors 

 uiuler Hebert to the scaffold. He was executed 

 April 13, 1794. 



Chaillliont, a town in the French department 

 of Hauti-. Maine, on an elevation (1023 feet above 

 sea-level ) between the rivers Marne and Suize, 140 

 miles SE. of Paris. There are manufactures of 

 cloves, cutlery, &c. In 1814 the allied powers 

 here bound themselves by treaty against Napoleon. 

 Pop. (1872)8474; (1886) 12,333; (1891) 11,110. 



< liau II) . a town in the French department of 

 Aisne, 77 miles NNE. of Paris by rail, partly 

 on the navigable river Oise. It is an old, rather 

 uninteresting place, with manufactures of glass, 

 beetroot sugar, gloves, &c. Pop. (1891) 9242. 



< lianssrs. in the armour of the middle ages, 

 from the 12th to the 16th century, were defence- 

 pieces for the legs. Some were made of padded 

 and quilted cloth, with metal studs ; some or chain- 

 mail ; and some of riveted plates. It was not 

 unusual to fasten them by lacing either below the 

 knee or behind the leg. The word is used also 

 in the general sense of hose, and when armour is 

 meant in the Norman romances the phrase is 

 chances defer. 



Cliautaiiqua, famous as the seat of the Chau- 

 tauqua Assembly, a summer- resort on Chautauqua 

 Lake, in a county of the same 

 name near the south-west ex- 

 tremity of New York. The As- 

 sembly was founded in 1874 by John H. Vincent, 

 D.D., and Lewis Miller (1829-99), to provide sys- 

 tematic instruction for Sunday-school teachers, to- 

 gether with popular lecture courses in literature, 

 science, and art. In 1878 the Chautauqua Literary 

 and Scientific Circle was organised. The distinctive 

 mission of this ' circle ' is stated to be ' to direct the 

 reading habits of grown people, both those who 

 have received the best that the educational institu- 

 tions can give, and desire to pursue an " after 

 school " course, and those who for any reason 

 failed to receive a college education in early life, 

 but who now desire to secure to themselves the 

 college student's general outlook upon the world 

 and life, and to develop the habit of close con- 

 nected persistent thinking.' The system compre- 

 hends a four years' course of home reading and 

 study, to be pursued under the advisory supervision 

 of the officers of the institution, on the completion 

 of which diplomas are awarded. Post-graduate 

 and special courses are also provided for those who 

 desire to prosecute particular branches of study 

 beyond the limits laid down in the regular course. 

 On the tenth anniversary of the Circle's organisa- 

 tion, it was stated that about 200,000 persons, 

 scattered through all parts of the world, belonged 

 to the association ; most of them are members of 

 local circles formed in accordance with the general 

 plan of the scheme for the more efficient prosecu- 

 tion of the studies. Particulars concerning the 



Copyright 1889, 1897, and 

 1900 in the I'. S. by J. B. 

 Lipplncott Gompanj. 



Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle, with 

 directions for forming local circle** in connection 

 therewith, may be obtained from the secretary of 

 the institution at I'lainlii-lil, New Jersey. 'The 

 ( 'liautain|iia College of l.il.i-ial Artu ' (H another 

 department of the work. A faculty of able pro 

 lessors gives instruction by OOmspOtldeoM ; rigid 

 examinations are conducted by the 1'nivernity of 

 the State of New York, and regular collegia!*- .I*- 

 greesare conferred. The t"//"///'/<//"/;i, a maga/im- 

 of largo circulation, the organ and exponent of 'The 

 Chautauqua Idea,' is published at Meadville, Pa. 

 See F. L. Armstrongs Chiintnit>iiui (1886), aini 

 Vincent's Chuutuuqwi Movement (1886). 



Lake Chautauqua is a beautiful sheet of water 

 about 20 miles long, with an average breadth of 

 2 miles, lying about 700 feet above Lake Erie, from 

 which it is distant 10 miles. The Chautauqua 

 Assembly Grounds, situated upon the northern 

 shore of the lake, comprise about 165 acres, con- 

 taining over 500 attractive summer cottages, a fine 

 hotel, a museum of arduBology, an amphitheatre 

 with a seating capacity of over 5000, several halls 

 for meetings, and numerous other appliances for 

 combining recreation with instruction. Large 

 numbers of students and visitors congregate here in 

 the summer season. ' Chautauquas, ' more or less 

 on the plan of the original, with buildings, lectures, 

 &c. , have been established in various parts of the 

 United States. 



Chaiivillisine, a term that has come to mean 

 an extravagant and absurd patriotism and pride in 

 one's own country, with a correspond ing enmity to- 

 wards and contempt for foreign nations. It is the 

 French equivalent for the Jingoism of the London 

 music-halls after Lord Beaconsfield's return from 

 the Congress of Berlin in 1878. The origin of the 

 word is due to Chauvin, the name of a figure in the 

 comedy La Cocarde tricolore ( 1831 ), by the brothers 

 Theodore and Hippolyte Cognard, the action in 

 which includes the conquest of Algeria. Chauvin 

 is a young recruit who speaks much, displays great 

 courage, and sings several couplets with the re- 

 frain : ' J'suis Francais, j'suis Chauvin, j'tape sur 

 le Bedouin. ' The authors of the comedy, however, 

 borrowed the name from that of Nicolas Chauvin, 

 an old soldier of Napoleon, well known in his time 

 in Paris for his devoted enthusiasm for the 

 emperor. Calvin is a Latinised form of the same 

 family name. 



4 'hail \ de Fonds. a town of Switzerland, in 

 the canton of Neuchatel, 18 miles by rail NW. 

 of the city of that name. It is situated in a bleak 

 valley, at an elevation of 3254 feet above the sea, 

 and is scattered over a large area, almost every 

 cottage being surrounded by a garden. It has for 

 two centuries l>een one of the chief seats of the 

 manufacture of watches in the canton. The 

 mechanists work chiefly at home, each devoting 

 himself to a particular portion of machinery. 1 ''>!' 

 (1834)6500; (1880)22,456; (1893)27,511. 



Chay Root, CHOYA, or SAYAN (OMr>tlnmli 

 umbellata), a perennial herb of the order Cin- 

 chonacejp, cultivated on the Coromandel coast and 

 in Java for the sake of its long, orange-coloured 

 roots, the bark of which affords a beautiful red dye. 

 It is the Indian madder. 



Chazars were a people of the Finnic stock 

 known in the 7th century on the shores of the 

 Caspian ; in the 9th century their kingdom occu- 

 pied the south-east of Russia from the Caspian 

 and the Volga to the Dnieper. Their capital was 

 long at Astrakhan, called by them Balandshar. 

 They were singularly tolerant of all religions, 

 Jewish, Christian, and Moslem ; and a laree part 

 of the nation formally adopted the Jewish faith 

 from Jews who fled from the persecutions of the 



