144 



CHEEVER 



CHELONIA 



extremely fond of attention, and seems to repay 

 kindness with affection. 



Cheever , GEORGE BARRELL, American clergy- 

 man, born in Maine in 1807, was educated at 

 Bowdoin College and Andover Theological Semi- 

 nary, and from 1832 to 1870 was pastor of Con- 

 gregational and Presbyterian churches in Salem 

 (Massachusetts) and New York. He delivered 

 numerous lectures on religious, literary, and s_ocial 

 questions, and published a number of works, the 

 most popular of which is his Lectures on the Pil- 

 grim's Progress (1844), which, with his Wander- 

 ings of a Pilgrim in the Shadow of Mont Blanc 

 (1845-46), has had a wide circulation in England 

 as well as in America. In his prime Dr Cheever 

 was an active and uncompromising opponent of 

 intemperance and slavery. Died October 1, 1890. 



Che-fOO (properly the name of the European 

 colony of the Chinese town of Yen-Tai), a treaty 

 port on the north side of the peninsula of Shan-tung, 

 at the entrance to the Gulf of Pechili, in which it 

 is the only port that remains open throughout the 

 winter. The foreign quarter, with about 120 Euro- 

 peans and Americans, is in some sense a colony of 

 Shanghai, and, having the wholesomest climate of 

 all the treaty ports, it is much resorted to by conval- 

 escents. The Chinese town, built on the sandy 

 shore, with exceedingly dirty streets, has a fort, a 

 signal-station, and about 32,000 inhabitants. As a 

 market for foreign manufactured goods, particularly 

 English cotton yarn and American sheetings, Che- 

 foo is of great and increasing importance. The 

 annual value of the direct foreign imports is about 

 300,000, and, of the exports direct to foreign lands, 

 150,000. The principal articles of import besides 

 those mentioned are sugar, paper, iron, edible sea- 

 weed, matches, and opium. The chief exports are 

 silk, straw-braid, bean-cake, and vermicelli. About 

 2000 ships, of 1,600,000 tons, of which three-fourths 

 of the tonnage represents British Hbttoms, annually 

 enter and clear. The Che-foo Convention, which 

 settled several disputed points between China and 

 Great Britain, and extended certain commercial 

 advantages to the latter country, besides throwing 

 open four new treaty ports, was signed 13th Sep- 

 tember 1876. 



Cheirantlms. See WALLFLOWER. 



Cheirp'lepis, a genus of fossil ganoid fishes, 

 characteristic of the Devonian strata. The generic 

 name, meaning ' scaly-hand,' was given in allusion 

 to the large pectoral scaly fins. 



Cheiromys. See AYE-AYE. 



CheirOHectes, an aberrant genus of Opossums 

 (q.v. ), with webbed hind-feet and of unique aquatic 

 habit. There is but one species, C. variegatus, 

 palmatus, or Yapock (q.v.). 



Cheiroptera ('wing-handed'), the technical 

 name for the order of bats. See BAT. 



Cheirothe'rium (Gr.,' hand-beast'), the name 

 originally given to the Labyrinthodonts (q.v.), from 

 the peculiar hand-like impressions left by them in 

 the Triassic rocks. 



Cheke, SIR JOHN, one of the revivers of Greek 

 learning in England, was born in 1514 at Cam- 

 bridge, and in 1529 obtained a fellowship of St 

 John's College, where he embraced the Reformed 

 doctrines. He laboured earnestly to advance the 

 study of the Greek language and literature ; and 

 when a regius professorship of Greek was founded 

 at Cambridge in 1540, Cheke was appointed its first 

 occupant. A new mode of pronouncing Greek 

 which he introduced was assailed by Bishop 

 Gardiner, the chancellor of the university ; but 

 notwithstanding, Cheke's system prevailed. It 

 resembled that still in vogue in England, as 

 opposed to the continental system. In 1544 Cheke 



became tutor to the Prince, afterwards Edward VI. , 

 whose elevation to the throne secured him rank, 

 wealth, and honour a seat in parliament ( 1547 ), 

 the provostship of King's College (1548), and 

 knighthood ( 1552). He was stripped of everything 

 at Mary's accession, and went abroad, but in 1556 

 was treacherously seized in Belgium, and brought 

 to the Tower. Fear of the stake induced him to 

 abjure Protestantism, and fresh lands were given 

 to him in the place of those he had forfeited, but 

 his recantation preyed on his mind, and he died in 

 the course of the following year, 13th September 

 1557. Of more than thirty Latin and English 

 books by him, one is a translation of St Matthew's 

 Gospel (edited by Goodwin, 1843), exemplifying a 

 plan for reforming the language by eradicating all 

 words save those of English origin. See his Life 

 by Strype (best ed. Oxford, 1821). 



Che-keang, an eastern and maritime province 

 of China (q.v.). Capital, Hang-chow. 



Cheli'cerae, biting appendages in spiders (q.v.), 

 scorpions, and other Arachnida. 



Chelifer. See BOOK-SCORPION. 



Chelmsford (perhaps the Roman Ccesaroma- 

 gus ; Anglo-Saxon Celmeresforde), the county town 

 of Essex, and, since 1888, a municipal borough, 

 at the confluence of the Chelmer and the Cann, 

 29 miles NE. of London. It has a corn exchange 

 (1857), a shire hall (1792), a grammar-school, 

 founded by Edward VI. in 1551, and a parish 

 church, which, all but the tower and spire, was 

 rebuilt between 1803 and 1878. There is a con- 

 siderable trade in agricultural produce. On a 

 small island in the Chelmer there has long been a 

 ludicrous mock-election during the county elections. 

 Pop. (1851)6033; (1881)9885; (1891) 11,008. 



Chelmsford, FREDERIC THESIGER, BARON, 

 born in 1794, was a midshipman in the navy, but 

 exchanged the sea for law, and was called to the 

 bar in 1818. He was knighted and made solicitor- 

 general in 1844, attorney-general in 1845 and 1852, 

 and lord chancellor in 1858 and 1866. He died 

 October 5, 1878. His son, FREDERIC AUGUSTUS 

 THESIGER, second BARON, was born in 1827, entered 

 the Rifle Brigade in 1844, became major in the 

 Grenadier Guards in 1855, and served through the 

 Crimea, the Indian Mutiny, and the Abyssinian 

 campaign of 1868. He was adjutant-general in 

 Bengal ( 1869-74 ), and commanded the forces in the 

 Kaffir war of 1878 and in the unfortunate Zulu war 

 of 1879, having resigned the governorship of Cape 

 Colony. Appointed lieutenant-general in 1882, he 

 was lieutenant of the Tower of London in 1884-89, 

 and retired in 1893. 



Chelonia, an order of reptiles including the 

 various forms of tortoise and turtle. Their most 

 distinctive character is the more or less complete 

 inclosure of the body by a dorsal and a ventral 

 shield, of which the former is in part due to a 

 modification of the vertebral spines and of the 

 ribs. Within these shields the head, limbs, and 

 tail can be more or less retracted. The absence of 

 teeth is also very characteristic. The Chelonia 

 include marine, fresh-water, and terrestrial forms ; 

 the known living species number about 260, the 

 majority occurring in warm countries ; they are 

 represented by numerous fossil forms from the 

 Upper Jurassic onwards. The large family Tes- 

 tudmidae, with oval, horny -plated dorsal shield, 

 includes both terrestrial and marsh forms, such 

 as Testudo e.g. the Greek tortoise, Terrapin, 

 Emys, Chelys ; a second small family, Trionychidae, 

 with oval, softer shield, includes river forms, such 

 as the well-known snapping- turtle (Trionyxferox}-, 

 a third family, Chelonidse, with heart-shaped 

 shield, includes five species of marine turtles e.g. 



