CIIKLSKA 



CHEMICAL AFFINITY 



145 



<Cht.tone virfdis. The order in chit-fly tliscuiwed 



mi. 1. 1 the title TORTOISES AND TURTLES. 



Chelsea, a suburb of London, on the north 

 hank nt ihc Thames, here crossed by bridges to 

 rse.-i 1 1|.\ . >. In the 16th century the village 

 of ( 'helsca was the residence of Sir Tnomas Mme, 

 (.Juerii Cutliariiio 1'arr, the Princess Elizal>eth, and 

 Anneof < 'lex.-s. Afterwards Walpole, Swift, Steele, 

 ami Sir Mans Sluane, and, in later yearn, Leigh 

 limit, Carlyle, Rossetti, and George Eliot lived 

 here. In the 18th century Ranelux'li was much 

 resnrted to, and Cremorne (closed 1877) was at 

 one time a popular attraction. Besides its Hospital, 

 Chelsea has a Koyal Military Asylum for soldiers' 

 children, large barracks for the Foot Guards, a 

 botanic garden, water- works (1722) to supply 

 London, a river-pier, and an embankment (1873) 

 extending to Battersea Bridge on the west. The 

 famous 18th-century porcelain is noticed under 

 I'OITKRY. The borough has returned one member 

 to parliament since 1885, when its limits were 

 .greatly reduced. Pop. of parish ( 1891 ) 96,272. 



CHELSEA HOSPITAL is an asylum for old and 

 disabled soldiers of the British army. The gradual 

 decay of the feudal system rendered it necessary 

 to make some new provision for sick and maimed 

 soldiers, consequently various statutes were passed 

 during the reigns of Elizabeth, James I., and 

 Charles I., throwing their maintenance on their 

 respective parishes, under directions from the 

 county justices. This system was abrogated during 

 the Commonwealth as a matter of policy, and the 

 expense met out of moneys arising from sequestra- 

 tions of the estates of the vanquished royalists. 

 After the Restoration a new act was passed ( 1662) 

 again throwing their maintenance on the parishes, 

 but this was so burdensome that it was never re- 

 enacted. Sir Stephen Fox, the first paymaster- 

 .general of the forces, who had long been an exile 

 in France, and was no doubt well acquainted with 

 the erection in 1671 of the Hdpital des Invalides 

 .at Paris, first suggested the building of Chelsea 

 Hospital. The foundation stone was laid by 

 Charles II. in 1682, and the building, designed by 

 Wren, was opened in 1692. 



The funds for its lands and buildings, and for 

 many years the maintenance of its inmates, were 

 derivea chiefly by deductions from the pay of the 

 troops themselves viz. Is. in the 1, as well as 

 one day's pay in each year. Since 1783 it has, 

 however, oeen almost entirely supported by 

 annual parliamentary grants. All Pensions (q.v. ) 

 granted to soldiers are awarded by the Commis- 

 sioners of Chelsea Hospital, who are appointed 

 by the crown. Originally it was contemplated 

 thai all pensioners would become inmates of 

 Chelsea Hospital, but this was soon found im- 

 possible, and thus those who could not gain 

 admittance were granted allowances termed out- 

 pensions. The out-pensioners number about 84,000 

 men, including negroes in the West Indies and 

 West Africa, Maltese, Singhalese, and Lascars, and 

 cost annually some 1,800,000. The in-pensioners 

 numbered about 550. They are selected from such 

 out-pensioners as desire to become inmates, ac- 

 cording to merit, age, and sufferings from wounds 

 or other disabilities, and are provided with board, 

 lodging, clothing (including the well-known red 

 coat and cocked hat), nursing, and medical at- 

 tendance, together with a small weekly allowance 

 in money according to rank. The in-pension vote 

 annually amounts (including, however, charges 

 relating to the grant of out-pensions, but ex- 

 cluding cost of repairs to buildings, &c. ) to about 

 27,000, against which there is to set off' the 

 amount of the out-pensions, which must by statute 

 be surrendered on admission. Those within can at 

 any time become out-pensioners again. Chelsea 

 114 



Hospital iH locally known as 'Chelsea College' 

 the Hospital having been erected nearly on the Mite 

 of James I.'K short-lived 'College for Religious 

 Controversy' (MHO). See the ollic-ial Early History 

 of the Royal H<ixi>itnl at Chelsea ( 1872) ; Martin M 

 iilil i 'helsen (1888) ; and Alfred Beaver's Memorialt 

 of Old Chelsea ( 1893). 



Chelsea in Massachusetts, U.S., is a north- 

 eastern suburb of Boston, from which it is sepa- 

 rate-, 1 by the estuary of Mystic River (see HUSTON). 

 Pop. (1870) 18,547 ; (1880) 21,782; (1890) 27,909. 



Cheltenham, a fashionable watering-place of 

 Gloucestershire, on the Chelt, a little affluent of 

 the Severn, 44 miles NNE. of Bristol, 47 SS\V. of 

 Birmingham, and 121 WNW. of London (by road 

 only 95). It lies in a picturesque and fertile valley, 

 on the east and south-east half encircled by the 

 Coteswolds. A saline spring was discovered here 

 in 1716, and from a mere village the place gradually 

 increased till 1788, when the benefit derived by 

 George III. from its waters suddenly made it a 

 resort of fashion. The four spas Royal Old Well, 

 Montpellier, Pittville, and Cambray are all saline 

 but the last, which is chalybeate ; they are deemed 

 efficacious for liver complaints and dyspepsia. 

 With its squares, crescents, and terraces, its gar- 

 dens and promenades, its clubs and pump-rooms, 

 its August 'cricket week,' its healthy climate, the 

 cheapness of living, and the happy absence of manu- 

 factures, the town offers many attractions both to 

 visitors and residents, the former largely foxhunters 

 in winter, the latter retired Anglo-Indians. It is, 

 besides, a great educational centre, the seat of the 

 Proprietary College, for 700 boys, founded in 1840, 

 and occupying a splendid Tudor pile of 1843 ; a 

 grammar-school (1586; reconstituted 1883); a large 

 ladies' college ( 1854) ; a Church of England training 

 college for schoolmasters ( 1847 ) ; and private schools 

 beyond number. Noticeable buildings are the 

 14th-century parish church ; the Roman Catholic 

 Church ( 1857), with a spire 205 feet higji ; the Corn 

 Exchange ( 1863) ; and the handsome tree Library. 

 Cheltenham has memories of Handel, Tennyson, 

 Frederick Robertson, Sydney Dobell, and Dean 

 Close, under whom (1824-56) it became a strong- 

 hold of Evangelicalism. It was incorporated 

 as a municipal oorough in 1876, and has returned 

 one member to parliament since 1832, the 

 parliamentary boundary having been extended 

 in 1885. Pop. (1804) 3076; (1841) 31,411; (1881) 

 43,972; (1891)42,914. 



Chelyuskin, CAPE (formerly North-east Cape, 

 and sometimes called Cape Severo), the most 

 northerly point of Asia, on a peninsula of the same 

 name, which forms the western arm of the eastern 

 lialf of the Taimyr peninsula. It is named after a 

 Uussian officer who led an expedition thus far in 

 1742, and here succumbed, with his wife, to the 

 fatigues of the journey ; it was not revisited till 

 1878, when Nordenskjold, in the Vega, spent the 

 19 and 20th of August here. He found it a low 

 promontory, divided into two parts by a small bay ; 

 the lat. of the western is 77 36' 37" N., that of 

 the eastern 77 41' N. 



Chemical Affinity is the name given to the 

 tendency to combine with one another which i.- 

 exhibited by many substances; or to the force by 

 which the substances constituting a compound are 

 held together. The tendency of any given element 

 to unite with a number of other elements varies 

 greatly. Chlorine, for instance, unites with great 

 readiness with most metals and with many non- 

 metallic elements, much heat being produced dur- 

 ing the union ; but it has little or no affinity 

 for, or tendency to combine with, oxygen, so that 

 compounds of chlorine with oxygen can only be 

 obtained by roundabout methods, and are very 



