154 CHEMISTS AND DRUGGISTS 



CHEMNITZ 



89 ) ; Watts, Inorganic Chemistry, and Organic Chemistry ; 

 "Wilson, Inorganic Chemistry ( new ed. 1885 ) ; Watts, 

 Dictionary of Chemistry (new ed. 4 vols., 1890-94); 

 Thomson, History of Chemistry ( 1830-31 ) ; French works 

 by Hoefer, Chevreul, Berthelot ; Ladenburg, Hand- 

 worterbuch der Chemic ; Kopp, Oeschichte der Chemie ; 

 Von Meyer, A History of Chemistry ( trans, by McGowan, 

 1892); Mendeleef, The Principles of Chemistry (1892); 

 Perkin and Kipping, Organic Chemistry (1894) ; Thorpe, 

 Dictionary of Applied Chemistry (3 vols. 1890-93). 



Chemists and Druggists. Up to the pass- 

 ing of the Pharmacy Act of 1868, any one was 

 free to describe himself as chemist and drug- 



fist and to prosecute that calling to the best of 

 is ability, untouched by any special legislation. 

 The class, like the Apothecary (q.v.), was in its 

 beginnings closely allied to, if indeed at all dis- 

 tinguishable from, that of merchants and grocers, 

 and never formed a distinct guild, and, until the 

 Pharmaceutical Society was founded, was with- 

 out permanent organisation. And owing to the 

 absence in Scotland of the apothecaries, as a class 

 distinguishable from druggists, the history of the 

 latter class in that country does not, at least up to 

 the passing of the Pharmacy Act of 1882, correspond 

 accurately with that of their English brethren. 

 The policy these latter pursued for a long period of 

 their history may be described as purely defensive, 

 and any organisation they formed was in response 

 to some attack from one of the other orders. As 

 early as 1802 such a defensive association was 

 formed, and from 1812 to 1815 engaged in very 

 active opposition to the bill promoted by the 

 'Associated Apothecaries.' One of the objects of 

 that bill was to bring the chemists and druggists 

 'under the control and surveillance of a body 

 consisting chiefly of apothecaries, on which the 

 chemist and druggist was not represented at all. 

 The upshot was that the promoters of the bill 

 introduced a clause into the Act of 1815, which it 

 was understood at the time would completely 

 exempt the chemist and druggist from the operation 

 of the bill. In spite, however, of this understand- 

 ing, which seems to have been respected for twenty- 

 six years, the bill was in 1841 made use of to 

 punish a chemist and druggist for prescribing 

 medicine, although that was a function which, 

 rightly or wrongly, he had exercised previous to 

 1815. In 1841 a bill again threatened to subject the 

 chemist and druggist to the control of the apothe- 

 caries, but was at length defeated. It now became 

 evident, not only that a permanent society to pro- 

 tect the interests of the craft was necessary, but 

 that the only wise policy was to educate and organ- 

 ise themselves in such a way as would deprive the 

 physicians and apothecaries of any. excuse for fur- 

 ther interference. This led to the formation of the 

 Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, which 

 was founded in 1841 and incorporated by Royal 

 Charter in 1843. As declared in the charter, the 

 main objects of the society were those of 'advancing 

 chemistry and pharmacy and promoting a uniform 

 system of education of those who should practise the 

 same ; and also for the protection of those who carry 

 on the business of chemists and druggists ; ' and to 

 enable it to carry these out successfully the society 

 appointed professors and examiners, and afterwards 

 proceeded to promote a bill in parliament for the 

 recognition and protection of the titles they pro- 

 posed to confer on those who passed the examina- 

 tions. This was naturally a work of time, and in 

 the meanwhile an important act in relation to the 

 sale of poisons viz. the Sale of Arsenic Act ( 1851 ) 

 was passed, and drew the attention of government 

 to the absence of a definite class of persons qualified 

 by training and education to have the custody and 

 sale of poisonous substances intrusted to them ; so 

 that this to some extent led up to the passing of 



the first Pharmacy Act of 1852. The main result 

 of this act was to create a class of ' Pharmaceutical 

 Chemists,' alone empowered to use and exhibit that 

 or any equivalent title, and consisting, 1st, of those 

 already members of the society ; and 2dly, of such 

 persons as should pass the examinations, as con- 

 ducted by its two Boards in England and Scotland. 

 The bill, as passed, involved no compulsion on any 

 persons to go through these examinations, nor did 

 it confer any privilege or monopoly on the pharma- 

 ceutical chemist except the exclusive right to that 

 title. The dispensing of medicines and sale of 

 poisons was still left open to any one who chose to 

 engage in it. Nor was it till the Act of 1868 that 

 the term chemist and druggist came to signify a 

 specially qualified person or one possessing ex- 

 clusive rights. By that act all persons not in 

 business on their own account prior to 1st 

 August 1868, had (except some who for a time 

 were allowed to pass a ' modified examination ' ) to 

 pass two Preliminary and the Minor Examina- 

 tions, and after that were entitled to have their 

 names placed on the ' Register of Chemists and 

 Druggists for the United Kingdom ; ' and no 

 person who was not on that register could legally 

 use the title, or ( with certain exceptions in favour 

 of physicians, apothecaries, veterinary surgeons, 

 &c. ) sell or dispense certain poisons specified in 

 schedules to the act. Any person wishing to use 

 the style ' Pharmaceutical Chemist,' had to pass 

 a further examination called the ' Major,' and thus 

 arose the two grades in what we may now call, in 

 view of its educational qualification, the profession 

 of pharmacy. See PHARMACY ACTS. 



Chemnitz, a town of Saxony, is situated at the 

 base of the Erzgebirge, and at the confluence of the 

 river Chemnitz with three other streams, 51 miles 

 SSE. of Leipzig by rail, and 43 WSW. of Dresden. 

 It is the principal manufacturing town of the king- 

 dom the ' Saxon Manchester ' its townsfolk call 

 it its industry consisting in weaving cottons, 

 woollens, and silks, and in printing calicoes, chiefly 

 for German consumption. It supplies the world 

 with cheap hosiery, and makes mixed fabrics of 

 wool, cotton, and jute for the markets of Europe 

 and America. It has several extensive machine- 

 factories, producing locomotives and other steam- 

 engines, with machinery for flax and wool spinning, 

 weaving, and mining industry. Created a free im- 

 perial city as early as 1125, Chemnitz suffered much 

 during the Thirty Years' War. Pop. ( 1801 ) 10,835 : 

 (1861)45,532; (1885) 110,817; (1890) 138,954. 



Chemnitz, MARTIN, the most eminent Lutheran- 

 theologian in the second half of the 16th century, 

 was born at Treuenbrietzen, in Brandenburg, 9th 

 November 1522. He had a hard struggle with 

 poverty in his early years, and had repeatedly to 

 interrupt his university studies at Frankfort-on- 

 the-Oder and Wittenberg in order to obtain by 

 school-teaching the means of pursuing them ; but 

 at length his proficiency in astrology led to his 

 being appointed librarian of the ducal library at 

 Kb'nigsberg in 1550, and from that time he devoted 

 himself entirely to theology. In consequence of 

 his opposition to the teaching of Osiander he was 

 obliged to leave Konigsberg and proceed to Witten- 

 berg (1553), where he delivered lectures on the 

 Loci communes of Melanchthon, which were pub- 

 lished after his death as Loci theologici ( 1591 ). He 

 was appointed a preacher at Brunswick in 1554, and 

 ' superintendent ' in 1567, and died there 8th April 

 1586. The chief works of Chemnitz were his 

 Examen Concilii Tridentini (4 vols. 1565-73; new 

 ed. Berlin, 1862), which was the first thorough- 

 going criticism of Tridentine doctrine from a Pro- 

 testant point of view ; and his share in preparing 

 and securing the acceptance of the ' Formula of 



