C 11 KM NIT/ 1 A 



CHENONCEAUX 



155 



Concord ' the next in importance to that of Jacob 

 . \mlrea. His Corpus Doctrina; Prut/ienicum, writ- 

 ten in conjunction with Mo'rlin ( 1567), became a 

 standard work of orthodox Lutheraniwu. In hi- 

 />c t/nnlinn \ntiti-is in Chruto (1571) Chemnitz 

 developed the doctrine of the 'ubiquity' of Christ 

 in .1 I'miii Mn'ilintiii^ between Luther and Melanch- 

 tlion. In every other point of his theology he was 

 a steadfast follower of Luther. His Life has been 

 written by Pret&el (1862), Lentz (1866), and Hach- 

 feld (1807). 



Cheillllitzia* a large genus of gasteropod 

 molluscs, iiaiiicil in honour of a German concholo- 

 j^ist oi i lie 18th century. They have a slender, 

 elongated, many-whorled shell, tne whorls striated, 

 a simple semi-oval aperture, and a horny oper- 

 culum. There are many recent species scattered 

 all over the world. No less than 180 fossil species 

 have been described from the Lower Silurian up- 

 wards, but it is probable that different animals with 

 similar shells are included under this one title. 



Chemosh. the national god of Moab, called 

 in 1 and 2 Kings ' the abomination of the Moab- 

 ites.' The derivation of the name is uncertain, the 

 most probable being that of Gesenius, from kamash 

 ( = kabhosh), 'to trample under foot,' with which 

 the Syrian kemtish, ' nightmare,' is connected. 

 Chemosh was essentially one with the Moloch or 

 Milcom ( ' king') of the Ammonites, and both were 

 .-i in ply forms of the Canaanite Baal (q.v.). On the 

 ' Moabite Stone King Mesha attributes the 

 Israelite successes over Moab to the wrath of 

 Chemosh, and Moab's deliverance to his assistance. 

 His worship was marked by cruel rites and lascivi- 

 ous orgies. Mesha's first-oorn son was doubtless 

 sacrificed as a burnt- offering to him (2 Kings, iii. 

 27 ). Solomon in his later years consecrated ' high 

 places' (Bamoth) to Chemosh in Jerusalem. 



Chemulpo* a town on the west coast of Corea, 

 25 miles by road WSW. of the capital, Soul. It is 

 one of the three treaty ports opened in 1883 to 

 foreign commerce, the volume or which has since 

 steadily advanced, in spite of the drawbacks result- 

 ing from the great difference between high and low 

 water here (33 feet ), and the want of wharves. The 

 imports attain a value of $3,500,000 in some years ; 

 the exports, 1,500,000. Pop. 30,000; the bulk of 

 the 3000 foreigners are Japanese. Small steamers 

 owned by Japanese run to Soul in summer, and a 

 railway is projected ; and Chemulpo is connected 

 by telegraph both with China and Japan. 



Chemung Period, name given by American 

 geologists to one of the principal divisions of 

 Devonian time. 



Chenab', one of the five rivers which give name 

 to the Punjab, rises in the Kashmir range of the 

 Himalayas, winds through the gorges of Jammu, 

 and enters British territory in Sialkot district. It 

 absorbs the Tavi, forms the boundary between Sial- 

 kot and Gujerat districts, and enters Jhang desert, 

 where it runs through a broad cultivated valley. 

 Here its depth varies from 10 feet in the dry season 

 to 16 feet in the rains ; but its course often shifts. 

 It unites with the Jhelum at Timmu, afterwards 

 receives the Ravi, and, as the Trimab, joins the 

 Sutlej, 50 miles above Mithankot. Its length is 

 755 miles. 



Chenery, THOMAS, journalist and orientalist, 

 was born in Barbadoesin 1826, and educated at Eton 

 and Cambridge. He was called to the bar, but was 

 soon after sent out as Times correspondent to Con- 

 stantinople, where he remained during the Crimean 

 war. Afterwards he was constantly employed on 

 the Times staff until 1877, when he became its 

 editor, a post which he laboriously filled till within 

 ten days of his death. But this was only one side 



of IUH life. As a singularly thorough Hebrew and 

 Arabic scholar he had few equals among hi- con- 

 teni|>orarieH, and his translation of the Arabic 

 classic, the Assemblies of Al Hariri ( 1867), led to 

 his :i] i] lint IIII-MI to a chair of Arabic at Oxford in 

 1868. He was one of the company of Old Testa- 

 ment revisers, and besides other works, published 

 an edition of the Machberoth Ithiel (1872), a 

 Hebrew version of the 'Assemblies.' He died llth 

 February 1884. 



Chengalpat. See CHINOALPAT. 



Che*nier, MARIE - ANDKK, a distinguished 

 French poet, was born at Constantinople in 1762. 

 He was the third son of Louis Chenier, French 

 consul-general in that city. His mother was a 

 Greek lady of remarkable beauty and accomplish- 

 ments. While quit* a child he was sent to France ; 

 and in his thirteenth year he was placed at the 

 College de Navarre, Paris. Partly from predilec- 

 tion, and partly through the influence of his mother, 

 Greek literature was from the beginning his special 

 subject of study. At the age of twenty he entered 

 the army, and served for six months in Strasburg 

 as sub-lieutenant ; but disgusted with the frivolity 

 of the military life of that day, he returned to 

 Paris, and gave himself up to a strenuous course 

 of study. To this period oelong two of his most 

 famous idyls, Le Mendiant ana L'Aveuqle. His 

 health giving way, he travelled in Switzerland, 

 Italy, and the Archipelago. In 1786 he returned to 

 Pans, and began several of his most ambitious 

 poems, most of which, however, remained frag- 

 ments. The most noteworthy are Suzanne, L' Inven- 

 tion, and Hermes, the last being in plan and spirit 

 an imitation of the great poem of Lucretius ; for 

 Chenier shared the oeliefs of the 18th-century 

 philosophers of France. In 1787 he went to Eng- 

 land as secretary to the French ambassador, but 

 seems to have found his residence there as uncon- 

 genial as Heine did. Returning to Paris in 1790, he 

 found himself in the ferment of the Revolution. 

 Up to a certain point he gave the movement his 

 ardent support ; but alarmed by its excesses he 

 mortally offended Robespierre by certain denuncia- 

 tory pamphlets. He was thrown into the prison of 

 Saint- Lazare, and after six months was executed 

 on the 25th July 1794, just three days before the 

 close of the Reign of Terror. 



Chenier holds in France a somewhat similar posi- 

 tion to Keats in England. They suggest each 

 other also by their early deaths, and by a certain 

 affinity of genius. Other pieces of Chenier that 

 deserve special mention are La Jeune Captive, Le 

 Jeune Malade, and Versailles. Sainte-Beuvo thus 

 sums up the claims of Chenier : ' Chenier waa one 

 of the great masters of French poetry during the 

 18th century, and our greatest classic in verse since 

 Boileau and Racine. The best edition of his 

 poems is Joubert's (1883). See Sain te- Ben ve, 

 Critiques et Portraits ; Becq de Fouquieres, Lettr>.-< 

 critiques sur Chenier (1881); Haraszti, La Poetie 

 cTAndrt Chenier (1891). His younger brother, 

 MARIE- JOSEPH DE CHEWIER (1764-1811), \\as an 

 ardent republican, sat in the Legislative Assembly, 

 and wrote satires and heavy declamatory plays. 



Chenille (Fr., 'caterpillar'), a thick, velvety- 

 looking cord of silk or wool ( and so resembling a 

 woolly caterpillar), used in ornamental sewing and 

 manufactured trimmings. 



Chenoiiceaux, a famous French ch itcau, 

 standing partly on an island in the Cher, partly 

 on a bridge spanning^ the river, near a station 20 

 miles E. oy S. of Tours by rail. It was com- 

 menced in 1524 by the Chancellor Thomas Bohier, 

 continued by Diana of Poitiers, and completed by 

 Catharine de' Medici, who richly embellished the 

 build ing, and surrounded it with a beautiful park. 



