CHKSS 



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mid K pawna. The following diagram represents 

 the board and men properly arranged for play : 



BLACK. 



WHITE. 

 Fig. 1. 



(N.B. The king and queen occupy the two 

 middle squares, the queen oeing on the square of 

 her own colour. ) 



The King, = K, moves only one square at 

 a time, out in any direction. 



The Queen, = Q, may move any number of 

 squares in any direction in a straight 

 line. 



The Rook or Castle, = R, may move any 

 number of squares, but only in a direction 

 parallel to the sides of the board not 

 diagonally. 



A The Bishop, = B, may move any number 

 of squares in a straight line diagonally* 

 *=SL=> ( It will be seen that each bishop remains 

 throughout the game on squares of one colour. ) 



The Knight, = Kt ( or sometimes in American 

 literature, S, from the German Springer), 

 moves to the next square but one of 

 a different colour from that on which it rests. Its 

 move forms the diagonal of a parallelogram of three 

 squares by two. (The knignt is the only piece 

 having power to move over an intervening piece. ) 

 o The Pawn, = P, moves one square forward 

 O only, but captures diagonally. For its first 

 Q move, but not afterwards, a pawn may 

 move two squares, but if in doing so it pass an 

 opposing pawn, the latter may take it as ii it had 

 moved one square only. A pawn which succeeds in 

 crossing the board must be exchanged for a queen 

 or any other piece of the same colour, except a king. 

 All pieces, except the knight, can move only 

 across unoccupied squares, and all pieces ( not the 

 pawns ) capture in the direction of their moves. 



The object of the game is to take the opponent's 

 king, and when the king is attacked, warning must 

 be given by the call of ' check. ' If the king can- 

 not avoid the ' check ' that is, if he cannot escape 

 capture by his opponent's next move, he is ' check- 

 mate,' and the game is over. The game therefore 

 always stops one move short of the actual capture 

 of the king. 



Laws. Although the main mien governing chen* 

 play are identical throughout the world, there are 

 several minor questions awaiting u general 

 settlement. A complete code or lawn 

 (which would necessarily be complex), 

 published with approval and authority of 

 the various national associations, has be* 

 come almost a necessity.' Where no pub- 

 lished code has l>een fixed upon, the follow- 

 ing may be enforced without injustice : 



(N.B. In cases where no distinction is 

 implied, the word ' piece ' is to be under- 

 stood to include piece and pawn. ) 



Lots to be drawn for first move, and 

 afterwards throughout a match or sitting 

 each player has the first move alternately, 

 whatever has been the result of the previous 

 game. The player having first move has a 

 right to choice of men. If board or pieces 

 have been wrongly placed at the beginning 

 of a game, the mistake may be rectified 

 before four moves have been made, but 

 not after. A piece touched must be moved, 

 if it can be legally, or unless, before touch- 

 ing it, the player say fadottbe, or words to 

 that effect. ( If the piece cannot be legally 

 moved, the king must be moved, but may 

 not castle.) If more than one piece l>e 

 touched, the adversary may select which is 

 to be moved. An enemy s piece touched 

 must be taken if it can be legally ; if not, 

 the king must be moved, but may not castle. 

 Moving the king is a penalty enforceable 

 by the opponent, who must, however, en- 

 force it before he makes his next move. A false or 

 illegal move, and all moves made subsequently, 

 must be revoked, and legal moves made in their 

 stead. No penalty can be enforced if the opponent 

 has made a move or touched a piece in reply. If a 

 player move out of his turn, he must retract the 

 move, but may be called upon by the opponent to 

 play the piece touched on his next move. If a 

 player touch more than one square with a piece, 

 he may not, for that move, play it to any of the 

 squares so touched. If he touch all the squares to 

 which it can be played, he must play it to any 

 one of them his opponent chooses. In castling, 

 the king must be moved first, or both pieces to- 

 gether. A pawn advanced to the eighth square 

 must be exchanged for a piece (not a king) of 

 the same colour, and the move is not complete 

 until a piece is demanded. It is not necessary 

 to call 'check,' but the player neglecting to do so, 

 cannot enforce a penalty if his opponent does not 

 notice the 'check.' A player may at any time 

 call upon his adversary to mate him within fifty 

 moves, and if at the expiration of such fifty moves, 

 no capture has been made, no pawn moved nor 

 mate given, a draw may be claimed. Bystanders 

 may not interfere unless appealed to by a player, 

 unless board or men have been wrongly placed, 

 or unless a false or illegal move has been made. 

 In the last case, however, they have no right to 

 interfere until a move has been made in reply. 



Notation. The necessity for some method of 

 recording moves and games of chess has been re- 

 cognised from a very early period. It is to be 

 regretted that no universal notation has been 

 adopted; as it is, the systems which are in vogue 

 are all more or less dependent upon the language 

 of the nation using them. The modern systems 

 of notation are separable into two classes, which 

 differ essentially : The first, that adopted by 

 English and Latin speaking countries (France, 

 Italy, &c.), has reference to the pieces. It is 

 somewhat cumbrous, but is more descriptive and 

 intelligible. The second, adopted by Germany 

 and northern Europe, has reference mainly to the 



