166 



CHESS 



Gambit, a game in which one player, at the be- 

 ginning, voluntarily sacrifices part of his force ( often 

 a pawn ) for the sake of an ultimate advantage. 



Fig. 7. Discovered Check. 



J'adoube, an expression necessary before a piece 

 or pawn may be touched for the purpose of adjust- 

 ment, &c. The rule otherwise is that a piece or 

 pawn touched must be moved. 



Opening. The various methods of beginning the 

 game have been the subjects of much study, and 

 are so complex as to elude anything like exhaustive 

 analysis. Openings are classed as : ( a ) Gambits 

 (see above), (b) Games, in which the line of play 

 does not involve any sacrifice, and (c) Defences, 

 which have reference to the line of play adopted 

 by the second player. Openings in which both 

 players move the king's pawn to king's fourth 

 square for their first moves are arbitrarily classed 

 as 'Regular,' all others as 'Irregular.' All open- 

 ings of repute have distinctive titles, often being 

 named after their inventors or from some country 

 where they are popular. Steinitz Gambit, Scotch 

 Game, French Defence, are examples. The study 

 of openings is most difficult and practically end- 

 less, and should not be begun until the student 

 has some practical acquaintance with the game. 



Problem, an imaginary position in which the win- 

 ning line of play is artfully concealed, and has to 

 be discovered in accordance with given conditions. 

 BLACK (4 pieces). 



WHITE (5 pieces). White to play and mate in two moves. 

 Fig. 8. Problem by W. Skinkman (Key move, B to R4). 



Queening a pawn, the promotion of a pawn 

 which has crossed the board, to the power of 



another piece. (Of course a queen is selected in 

 most cases, as the most valuable piece. ) 



Stalemate, a position in which the king, though 

 not attacKed, cannot move without being 

 subject to capture, and in which no other 

 move by any other piece or pawn is possible. 

 The game in this case is drawn. 



Time Limit, a condition of modern play 

 under which each player is compelled to make 

 a certain number of moves ( generally twenty ) 

 in each hour. The time is recorded by an 

 ingenious arrangement of clocks, one being 

 set going when the other is stopped. 



See The History of Chess, by Forbes (1860); 

 Oeschichte des Schachspiels, by Van der Linde 

 (Berlin, 1880); Falkener, Games, Ancient and 

 Oriental (1892); The Chess Player's Handbook, 

 by H. Staunton (1847-49) ; Chess Openings (1889) 

 and Chess Endings (1892) by Freeborough and 

 Ranken; works by Gossip (1894), Green, Mortimer, 

 &c. ; Handbuch des Schachspiels, by Bilguer and Von 

 der Lasa (Leip. 1843; 6th ed. 1880); Fiihrer durch 

 die Schachtheorie, by O. Cordel ( Berlin, 1888 ) ; Cook's 

 Synopsis ; Book of the London Tournament, 1883 ; The 

 Chess Problem, by Planck and others. See also the 

 Chess magazines. 



Chest, or THORAX, in Anatomy, is the part of 

 the body which lies beneath the neck and above 

 the Abdomen (q.v. ), constituting the uppermost of 

 the two divisions of the trunk, or that which 

 contains the heart and lungs. The chest is some- 

 what conical in form. Its sides are rounded, but 

 in front and behind they are flattened. The apex, or 

 upper end, is truncated, sloping downwards and 

 forwards ; of small size, it permits of the passage 

 of the gullet, windpipe, certain large veins and 

 nerves from the neck into the chest, and of certain 

 large arteries out of the chest. The broad or lower 

 end of the cone slopes downwards and backwards, 

 and is shut in by the diaphragm a large muscular 

 partition which projects upwards from the lower 

 ribs, being convex towards the chest, and concave 

 towards the abdomen. In Respiration (q.v.) the 

 diaphragm descends by its own muscular con- 

 traction, while at the same time the ribs 

 are drawn upwards and outwards by the 

 intercostal muscles. 



The structures forming the walls of the 

 chest are : ( 1 ) The backbone or spinal 

 column; (2) twelve pairs of ribs; (3) the 

 sternum or breastbone ; ( 4 ) the Diaphragm 

 (q.v.); and (5) the intercostal muscles. 

 See SKELETON, SPINAL COLUMN, &c. 



The contents of the chest are the heart, 

 the great arteries and veins, the lungs, the 

 trachea or windpipe, the bronchi or branches 

 of the trachea, leading to the lungs, the 

 oesophagus or gullet, and the thoracic duct, 

 or general terminus of the lymphatic system 

 of vessels, by which the chyle and lymph 

 are discharged into the blood. For the 

 organs of the chest, see the cut at ABDO- 

 MEN. 



The very great importance of these parts 

 to life, and their great liability to deranged 

 action, renders the chest the seat of a large 

 proportion of the diseases which afflict 

 humanity, and especially of those which 

 end in death ; for of the three organs which 

 Bichat called the ' tripod of life ' viz. the 

 brain, heart, and lungs the chest contains 

 two. The diseases of the chest depend in 

 some cases on alterations in its form, as 

 by Rickets ( q. v. ) and other diseases affect- 

 ing the bones in early childhood or in 

 youth, as by too tight lacing in girls, 

 are commonly called chest diseases are 



What 



mainly those of the lungs and air-tubes, of which 



