170 



CHEVAUX-DE-FRISE 



CHEVROTAINS 



y Organisation du Travail (1848) and Questions 

 politiques et sociales (1852). A free-trader in 

 economics, Chevalier in 1860 aided Cobden in carry- 

 ing into effect the commercial treaty between 

 France and England. For this he was created a 

 senator and Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour. 

 He took an active interest in the great exhibitions 

 at London (1862) and Paris (1867). He died at 

 Montpellier, 28th November 1879. 



Chevaux-de-Frise (Fr., 'Friesland horses,' 

 so called as having been first used in Fries- 

 land during the wars of the 17th century) is a 

 military obstacle of the form shown in the 



Chevaux-de-Frise. 



figure. It is difficult to make unless skilled 

 labour and the necessaiy materials, such as iron 

 railings, gas-pipes or hop-poles, are at hand, but 

 is kept in a fortress as an article of store. The 

 pattern used by the British army consists of a 

 cylindrical iron tube, 6 feet long and about 5 inches 

 in diameter, pierced with 12 holes to receive as 

 many spears of the same length, which are packed 

 in the tube when not required. Several lengths 

 connected by chains may be used as barriers or as 

 obstacles in the ditch of a fort, or in any place 

 where required. It is, however, generally easy 

 to roll them out of the way, though at the siege 

 of Badajoz, during the Peninsular war, one formed 

 of sword-blades fixed into beams of wood, and 

 placed in the breach, was found to be a very 

 serious obstacle by the British storming party. 



Chevet. See APSE. 



Cheviot Hills, a mountain-range occupying 

 contiguous parts of the counties of Northumberland 

 and Roxburgh, on the English and Scotch borders, 

 and running 35 miles from near the junction of the 

 Till and Tweed, in the NE., to the sources of the 

 Liddel, in the SW. The principal points are 

 Cheviot Hill ( 2676 feet ) and Peel Fell ( 1964 ). West 

 of Carter Fell, these hills chiefly consist of Silurian 

 rocks overlaid by Old Red Sandstone, and Lower 

 Carboniferous strata, with which various igneous 

 rocks are associated. The east portion of the range, 

 including higher and more or less conical and 

 abrupt hills, is built up almost exclusively of 

 ancient lava-flows and tuffs (porphyrite and por- 

 phyrite-tuff), which are traversed by a mass of 

 augite-granite, and by veins of felsite, dikes of 

 basalt, &c. In the Cheviot Hills are the sources of 

 the Liddel, Tyne, Coquet, and some of the branches 

 of the Tweed. Grouse abound, and the golden 

 eagle is occasionally seen. These hills afford pas- 

 ture for the Cheviots, a superior breed of sheep. 

 They have been the scene of many a bloody contest 

 between the English and Scotch, and the name is 

 commemorated in that of the famous old ballad of 

 Chevy Chase, for the history in which see OTTER- 

 BURN. See five articles by Professor James Geikie 

 in Good Words (1876). 



Chevreul, MICHEL EUGENE, a great French 

 chemist, born at Angers, August 31, 1786. At 

 seventeen he went to Paris, where he pursued the 

 study of chemistry at the College of France, under 

 the famous Vauquelin, with such zeal and success 

 that at twenty he was allowed to take charge of 

 the laboratory. He next lectured at the College 

 Charlemagne, and was appointed special professor 

 of Chemistry in charge or the dyeing department 



at the Gobelins. In 1826 he took his seat in the 

 Academy of Sciences, and in 1830 became director 

 of the Museum of Natural History. One of his 

 earliest discoveries was that of margarine, oleine, 

 and stearine in oils and fats. His studies in fatty 

 bodies and his theory of saponification opened 

 up vast industries. Between the years 1828 and 

 1864 Chevreul studied colours, publishing important 

 memoirs from time to time. This patriarch of the 

 scientific world, ' le doyen des etudiants de France, 1 

 as he loved to be called, kept up his studies to an 

 age seen by but few. In 1886 the hundredth anni- 

 versary of his birth was celebrated with great enthu- 

 siasm. A medal was struck, and a grand fete given 

 at the Museum in his honour, while he was presented 

 with his bust by his colleagues at the Academy of 

 Sciences. Chevreul was F.R.S. and a Commander 

 of the Legion of Honour. Besides papers and me- 

 moirs innumerable in the learned journals, he pub- 

 lished works on dyeing (1831), on the optical effects 

 of silk stuffs, on colours and their application to the 

 industrial arts (1864), and histories of chemical sci- 

 ence (1866) and of theories of matter (1878). His De 

 la Baguette divinatoire, du Pendule explorateur et 

 des Tables tournantes (1854), is the best oook on the 

 subjects which it treats. Died April 9, 1889. 



Chevron, in Architecture, a moulding in the 

 form of a succession of chevrons, otherwise called 

 a zigzag moulding. In general, it is characteristic 



ff 



Chevron or Zigzag, Andover, Hants. 



of Norman architecture, but is also found with the 

 pointed arch, during the transition period from 

 Norman to Early English. 



CHEVRON, in Heraldry, an ordinary formed of 

 two bands, joined together at the top, and descend- 

 ing to the extremities of the shield in the form of 



Chevron. Chevronel. Per Chevron. 



a pair of compasses. Chevronel, a diminutive half 

 the size of the chevron. 



CHEVRON is also the name of a V-shaped band 

 of worsted braid or gold lace, worn on the sleeve 

 by non-commissioned officers of the British army as 

 a badge of rank. Four chevrons indicate a ser- 

 geant-major or staff-sergeant, three a sergeant, two 

 a corporal, and one a bombardier in the artillery, 

 a second corporal in the engineers, and a lance- 

 corporal in other branches. Good-conduct badges 

 are precisely similar, but the point is upwards in- 

 stead of downwards. They are worn by non-com- 

 missioned officers below the rank of sergeant, and 

 by private soldiers as well. A similar use is made 

 of chevrons in the army of the United States and 

 other countries. 



Chevro tains, or MOUSE-DEER (Tragulidw), a 

 family of small ungulates, intermediate between 

 true deer and hogs. The family includes two 

 genera, Tragulus and Hyomoschus, often confused 

 with musk-deer, with which they have no special 

 connection. As to characters it may be noted that 

 they have no upper front teeth, but well-developed 



