CHEVY CHASE 



OHIAR-O8CURO 



171 



points! raniin-s, especially in the males ; there are 

 four complete toes on each foot ; there are no horns 

 nor musk -glands ; the Htomach has no dUtinct 

 manyplii's, and thus only three chain hers ; the 

 placenta is dili'use. Tragulus is represented by a 

 number of small species from southern and south- 

 ra-lrrn AMU, Malav Archipelago, &C. ; T.jiiriiii/iini.i 

 is much ratrn. HyomosrliUM i- H'|in-i'iite<l l>y a 

 .single species (//. atmaticu*) from the west coast 

 ni Africa. It is rather larger and stouter than 

 Tia;_;ulus. and has aquatic habits. The family 

 dates from the Miocene period. See UNGULATA. 



Chevy Chase. See OTTERBUKN. 



Chewing-gUlll, a preparation the use of which 

 has become a widespread habit in the United 

 States. It is made from a gum called Chicle, pro- 



bl> 



by a Mexican tree allied to the india-rubl>er 

 tree, and first imported in 1867 with a view to its 

 'iiiplovinent in india-rubber manufacture. The 

 gum is sweetened, and may be flavoured with 

 peppermint, liquorice, tolu, or other flavouring 

 substances. Spruce-gum is also much used in its 

 manufacture. 



Cheyenne* capital of the state of Wyoming, 

 is situated on the eastern slope of the Laraime 

 Mountains, at the height of 6000 feet above the .sea. 

 It is an important station of the Union Pacific 

 Railroad at its junction with the Denver Pacific and 

 Colorado Central railroads, and is 106 miles N. of 

 Denver, and 516 miles W. of Omaha. Coal and 

 iron are found 1 in its neighbourhood. Cheyenne, 

 settled in 1867, had in 1870 a population of 1450 ; 

 in 1880, 3456; in 1890, 11,690. 



Cheyenne Indians, a warlike branch of the 

 Algonquin stock, originally on the Red River 

 of the North, later on the Cheyenne River in 

 Wyoming, and as far south as the Arkansas. From 

 1861 to 1867 the government had frequent wars 

 and other troubles with them. To the number of 

 2137 they are now (1891) settled in Oklahoma. 



Cheyne, GEORGE, physician, was born in 1671 

 at Metnlick, in Aberdeenahire, and, after studying 

 at Edinburgh under Pitcairn, started a London 

 practice in 1702, in which year he was elected a 

 Fellow of the Royal Society. Full living made him 

 enormously fat ( thirty-two stone weight ), as well 

 as asthmatic, but from a strict adherence to a milk 

 and vegetable diet he derived so much benefit that 

 he recommended it in all the later of his dozen 

 medical treatises, which included A New Theory 

 of Fevers (1701); Philosophical Principles of 

 Natural Religion (1705); Essay of Health and 

 Long Life (1725), and The English Malady, a 

 Treatise on Nervous Disorders (1733). Cheyne 

 died at Bath, 13th April 1743. 



Cheyne, THOMAS KELLY, one of the foremost 

 Old Testament scholars in England, was born in 

 London, September 18, 1841. Educated at Mer- 

 chant Taylors' School and Worcester College, 

 Oxford, he carried off among other honours the 

 Chancellor's medal for the English essay, and be- 

 came Fellow of Balliol College in 1869. He was 

 rector of Tendring in Essex from 1881 to 1885, when 

 he was appointed Oriel professor of the Interpreta- 

 tion of Holy Scripture at Oxford, and Canon of 

 Rochester. He was a member of the Old Testa- 

 ment Revision Company, and has contributed 

 many articles on biblical questions to the magazines 

 and reviews. A critic or ripe scholarship and re- 

 markable clearness in exposition, free from tin- 

 tendency to rash destructiveness that mars the 

 work of so many of the best contemporary critics in 

 Germany, he has done much to advance biblical 

 science in England without weakening the real 

 buttresses of tne faith. His chief books are The 

 Prophecies of Isaiah (1880; 3d ed. 1885); Exposi- 



tion of Jeremiah and Lamentation* (1883); Book 

 of Psalms (1888); Introduction to Imiinh (1893); 

 Isaiah (revised text and translation, 1897). 



Chhatlsuarh is the south-east division of the 

 Central Provinces of India, with an area, including 

 feudatory states, of 25,013 sq. m. ; pop. 3,115,997. 

 It is mainly a vast, fertile, grain-producing plateau. 

 Dongargaon is the capital. 



Chiahrera, GABRIELLO, an Italian poet, born 

 at Savona, 8th June 1552. He was educated nt 

 Koine under the care of his uncle, after whose d-ath 

 he entered the service of Cardinal Cornaro, but was 

 obliged to leave it for revenging himself upon a 

 Roman nobleman who had wronged him. He 

 married at fifty, and after an easy and well-spent 

 life, died at eighty-live, 14th October 1637. Chia- 

 brera's poetical faculty blossomed late. An en- 

 thusiastic student of Greek, he conceived a great 

 admiration of Pindar, and strove not unsuccessfully 

 to imitate him. He was not less happy in catching 

 the naif and pleasant spirit of Anacreon ; his can- 

 zonette being distinguished for their ease and 

 elegance, while his Lettere Famigliari wajs the first 

 attempt to introduce the poetical epistle into 

 Italian literature. Chiabrera also wrote several 

 epics, bucolics, and dramatic poems. Collections 

 of his lyrics, under the title Rime, were published 

 at Rome in 1718 (3 vols.), at Venice in 1737 (5 

 vols.), and at Milan in 1807 (3 vols.). Prefixed is 

 a naif but interesting fragment of autobiography. 



Chia'na ( ancient Clanis ), a river of Central Italy, 

 originally a tributary of the Tiber, watering the 

 perfectly level Val di Chiana, which its overflow 

 (see CHIUSI) rendered once the most pestilential 

 district of Italy. The bed was deepened in 1789- 

 1816, and in 1823 extensive hydraulic works were 

 undertaken for further improving the river-course, 

 and for leading a northern branch, through canals, 

 to the river Arno, a few miles below Arezzo, the 

 southern stream reaching the Tiber, through the 

 Paglia at Orvieto. The double stream is 60 miles 

 long, and ^ to 1 mile broad ; and the district has 

 since become one of the most fruitful in all Italy. 



Chianti, an Italian mountain-ranee, in the 

 province of Siena, clothed with olive and mulberry 

 trees and vines ; the mountain gives name to an 

 excellent red wine grown here. 



Chiapas, LAS, a state of Mexico, on the Pacific, 

 adjoining Guatemala. Largely a part of the table- 

 land of Central America, it enjoys a delicious 

 climate ; and where the navigable Rio Chiapas cuts 

 through the middle of the plateau, the valleys are 

 among the most fertile portions of the republic, 

 although the country is still almost everywhere 

 clothed with primeval forest. Area, 27,250 square 

 miles ; pop. 270,000, chiefly aborigines. Capital, 

 San Cristobal. Near Palenque, one of its towns, 

 are most extensive and magnificent ruins. 



Chiaramon'te, a town of Sicily, 30 miles W. 

 of Syracuse, with trade in wine. Pop. 9364. 



Cllia'H, a town of Lombardy, 13 miles W. of 

 Brescia by rail, with manufactures of silk. At one 

 time strongly fortified, it is memorable for the 

 victory here of the Austrians, under Prince Eugene, 

 over the French and Spaniards, under Villeroi, 2d 

 September 1701. Pop. 5999. 



Chiar-OSCll'ro (Ital.), an artistic term, com- 

 posed of two Italian words, the one of which 

 signifies light, the other darkness or shadow. But 

 chiar-oscuro signifies neither light nor shadow ; 

 neither is it adequately described by saying that 

 it is the art of disposing of both the lights and 

 shadows in a picture, so long as either is regarded 

 apart from the other. It is rather the art of 

 representing light in shadow and shadsnc in light, 

 so that the parts represented in shadow shall still 



