172 



CHIASTOLITE 



CHICAGO 



have the clearness and warmth of those in light, 

 and those in light the depth and softness of those 

 in shadow. It is not the making of the one die 

 softly and gradually away into the other, but the 

 preservation of both in combination, as we con- 

 stantly see it in nature, when the light is not the 

 mere glare of the sun striking on a particular 

 object, nor the shadow the entire absence of the 

 influence of light. That the skilful treatment of 

 chiar-oscuro is a matter of extreme difficulty is 

 plain enough from the very small number of artists 

 who ever attain to it. Still, it is a branch of art 

 without the mastery of which no painting can be 

 successful in any department. It is as indispens- 

 able in portrait-painting as in the highest depart- 

 ments or ideal arts ; and though a just and even a 

 lofty conception of the subject may be distinctly 

 indicated by attention to form alone, it is im- 

 possible that its realisation can ever be satisfac- 

 torily accomplished by any one who has not 

 mastered this most subtle mode of handling colours. 

 The only mode by which a knowledge of chiar- 

 oscuro can be attained, so as to apply it to 

 practice, is by studying it as exhibited in the 

 works of such painters as Titian, Rubens, Rem- 

 brandt, and Correggio. 



Clliastolite, a variety of the mineral Anda- 

 lusite (q.v.). 



Chia'vari, a port of Italy, 24 miles ESE. of 

 Genoa by rail, with a number of fine churches and 

 palaces, fisheries, and some trade. Pop. 8582. 



Chiavenna, a town of Lombardy, beautifully 

 situated to the north of Lake Como, on the way 

 to the Spliigen Pass. Pop. 2848. 



Chica* a dyestuff giving an orange-red colour 

 to cotton. It is obtained by boiling the leaves of 

 a species of Bignonia (B. chicn), a climber of the 

 banks of the Cassiquiare and the Orinoco. The 

 Indians use it for painting their bodies. See 

 BIGNONIACE^. CHICA, or CHICHA, is also the 

 name of a kind of beer made from Maize (q.v.). 



CllicaCOle, a town of the district of Ganjam, 

 in the Madras province, on the Languliya River, 

 567 miles NE. of Madras by the Grand Trunk Road. 

 For many years it was a military station, and has 

 a reputation for muslins. Pop. (1891)15,587. 



Chicago (pron. Shc-kah'-go), the second largest 

 city on the American continent, and the most re- 

 markable example of rapid and 

 substantial municipal growth in 

 the nineteenth century, is the 

 commercial, financial, and political metropolis of 

 the United States west of the Alleghany Moun- 

 tains. It is situated at the mouth of the Chicago 

 River, on the west shore of Lake Michigan, in 41 

 52' N. lat., and 87 35' W. long., and covers an area 

 of 187 square miles. The Chicago River intersects 

 the city first into the north and south sides, and 

 then by its two main forks, parallel with the lake, 

 forms a western division, these divisions being con- 

 nected by three tunnels and fifty swinging bridges, 

 of which three are used by elevated railways. 



The early French explorers Joliet and Marquette 

 visited the spot in 1673, where they found the port- 

 age used by the Indians to pass from the Mississippi 

 River to the lakes and the St Lawrence. A church 

 and fort were built on the present site of the city by 

 the French, but their possession of the place was 

 never continuous, that practically beginning with 

 the building of 'Fort Dearborn' in 1804 by the 

 Americans, who succeeded to the title wrested 

 from the French by the British. For nearly thirty 

 years after that Chicago was little more than a 

 trading post, suffering from the various vicissi- 

 tudes common to the frontier, its growth being 

 best shown by the United States censuses, viz. : 



Copyright 1888, 1897, and 

 1900 in the U. S. by J. B. 

 Lippiucott Company. 



1850, 29,963; 1860, 112,172; 1870, 298,977; 1880, 

 503,185 ; 1890, 1,099,850. In 1892 the school census 

 gave the city a population of 1,438,010, which 

 was increased to 1,616,635 by the census of 1896 ; 

 the best estimate for 1897 was 1,752,000, and for 

 January 1, 1899, 1,850,000 ; but the United States 

 census of 1900 lowered this to 1,698,575. 



From the date of its incorporation Chicago liter- 

 ally began to rise out of its antediluvian mud, 

 just as subsequently it rose above the ashes of 

 the most devastating fire of all history. The city 

 ordinances required streets to be graded some 8 

 to 12 feet above the natural level. Houses of all 

 sizes were jacked up to the new grade of the streets, 

 and these gradually became among the finest busi- 

 ness and pleasure thoroughfares in America. With 

 some half a dozen diagonal exceptions, these streets 

 are laid out at right angles with mathematical 

 regularity. The minimum width is 60 feet, but 

 those on the quarter section (half-mile lines) are 

 70, while State street is 100, and some of the 

 boulevards are 120 feet. Including the boule- 

 vards, which are under the control of Park com- 

 missions, the streets of Chicago measure over 2100 

 miles, and they are daily being extended into the 

 prairies to the south, west, and north, which are 

 now covered by the richest market gardens in the 

 world near a great city. Almost before these streets 

 are staked out, drained, and curbed they are occupied 

 by street car lines, of which there are ten, having a 

 total length of over 500 miles and stretching from 

 the centre of the city in all directions. Some of 

 these carry passengers from the outskirts to the 

 business centre, a distance of fifteen miles, for the 

 single fare of five cents. Originally operated by 

 horses, these are now almost exclusively worked by 

 the cable or electric trolley systems. 



Chicago boasts a park system without a parallel 

 in the world. It embraces Lincoln Park along the 

 lake on the north side, Jackson Park on the lake 

 south, Washington Park two miles west of the 

 latter, with which it is connected by the Midway 

 Plaisance of World's Fair fame, and Douglas, Gar- 

 field, and Humboldt Parks. These parks are linked 

 together by parked boulevardstwenty-six mileslong, 

 and are each accessible by boulevards from the busi- 

 ness centre of the city. The total road mileage in 

 the park system approaches 100 miles. Besides the 

 parks mentioned, Chicago is now engaged in re- 

 claiming 103 acres of land from the lake immediately 

 in front of the business centre. When this work is 

 completed, the total park area of the city will be 2169 

 miles. Jackson Park, to the south-east of the city, 

 was the scene of the national Columbian Exposition 

 or World's Fair, which opened May 1, 1893, in cele- 

 bration of the fourth centenary of the discovery of 

 America by Columbus. The leading architects of 

 America had been given carte-blanche to design 

 and construct giant buildings upon a common scale 

 so that they would complement each other by con- 

 trasts and blend in a whole of wondrous consist- 

 ency and beauty. The result was the White City. 

 The area occupied for the exposition was 633 acres. 

 Some idea of the size of the buildings may be 

 gained from that of the Manufactures and Liberal 

 Arts building. This was 1687 feet long by 787 wide, 

 and covered 30 acres of ground. The exposition 

 remained open until October 30, 1893, and was 

 visited by 23,529,400 persons. Its cost was over 

 $18,000,000, the citizens of Chicago bearing the 

 enormous loss represented in the difference between 

 the expense and the receipts, amounting to over 

 $10,000,000. 



Chicago has the finest water supply and system 

 of any large city in the world. It is drawn from 

 the depths of Lake Michigan through four tunnels 

 extending from two to four miles from the shore. 

 As the lake is fed by subterranean springs through 



