CHICLANA 



CHIGNECTO BAY 



175 



at night. Chickweed is a good substitute for 

 spinach or greens, although generally little regarded 

 except as a troublesome weed, or gathered only by 

 the poor to make poultices, for which it is very 

 useful, or for feeding cage-birds, which are very 

 tuinl of its leaves and seeds. A number of 

 species of a nearly allied genus, Cerastium, also 

 bear the name of Chickweed, or Mouse-ear Chick- 

 weed, and the name is occasionally given to other 

 plants, either l>otanically allied, or of somewhat 

 similar appearance. 



Chiclana* a pretty town of Andalusia, Spain, 

 12 miles SE. of Cadiz, with a notable bull-ring and 

 vineyards. Its mineral baths are much frequented. 

 Pop. 11,627. 



Chiclayo* a town of Peru, 12 miles SE. of 

 Lambayeque, is the centre of a valuable sugar 

 district. Pop. 11,325. 



Chic'opee* a post-village of Hampden county, 

 Massachusetts, on the east bank of the Connecti- 

 cut River, 4 miles N. of Springfield, with manu- 

 factures of cottons, bronze cannon, cutlery, and 

 locks. Pop. 5000 ; of the township, including the 

 large manufacturing village of Chicopee Falls, 

 (1885) 11,528 ; (1890) 14,050. 



Chicory, or SUCCORY ( Cichorium ), a genus of 

 Composite ( sub-order Liguliflorse ), with few species, 

 all herbaceous perennials, with spreading branches 

 and milky juice, natives of Europe and West Asia. 



The Common 

 Chicory or Suc- 

 cory ( C. Inty- 

 bus) is wild in 

 England and 

 most parts of 

 Europe, grow- 

 ing in way- 

 sides, borders 

 of fields, &c. 

 It has a long 

 carrot-like 

 root, externally 

 of a dirty or 

 brownish- 

 yellow colour, 

 and white with- 

 in. The stem 

 rises 1 to 3 feet, 

 the leaves re- 

 sembling those 

 of the dan- 

 delion; the 

 flower-heads 

 are sessile, ax- 

 illary, large ( 1 

 to 1 inch), 

 and beautiful, 



generally blue, more rarely pink or white. Chicory 

 is pretty extensively cultivated, both in England 

 and on the continent of Europe, as also in Cali- 

 fornia, for its roots, while its herbage is good food 

 for cattle. The blanched leaves are sometimes used 

 as a salad, and are readily procured in winter by 

 placing the roots in a box with a little earth in a 

 cellar. To this genus belongs also the Endive ( q. v. ). 

 Chicory has been used as a substitute for coffee, 

 or to mix with coffee, for at least a century. The 

 roots are pulled up, washed, cut into small pieces, 

 and dried on a kiln, which leaves a shrivelled mass 

 not more than one-fourth the weight of the original 

 root. It is then roasted in heated iron cylinders, 

 which are kept revolving as in coffee-roasting, during 

 which it loses 25 to 30 per cent, of its weight, and 

 evolves at the same time a disagreeable odour, 

 resembling burned gingerbread. An improvement 

 to the chicory during roasting is the addition of 

 2 Ib. of lard or butter for every cwt. of chicory, 



Chicory ( Cichorium Intybue) : 

 a, single flower ; b, a separate floret. 



In Chief. 



which communicate* to it much of the ln-t r- and 

 general appearance of coffee. It U then hand- 

 picked, to remove chips of wood, atones, &c., and i 

 reduced to jtowder, and sold separately as chicory 

 powder, or is added to ordinary ground-coffee, and 

 is sold n> u mixture. Chicory contains a good deal 

 of sugar, but otherwise does not serve to supply the 

 animal economy with any useful ingredient. It 

 gives off a deep brown colour to water when an 

 infusion is made, and hence its main use in coffee. 

 Some people dislike the taste of chicory, and when 

 largely used, it has a tendency to produce diarrhoea; 

 but many people prefer to use coffee mixed with 

 chicory owing partly to the taste it communicates, 

 but mainly to the appearance of strength which it 

 gives to the coffee. See ADULTERATION. 



Chief* in Heraldry, an ordinary consisting 

 of the upper part of the field cut 

 off by a horizontal line. It is 

 generally made to occupy one-third 

 of the area of the shield. The 

 expression 'in chief means not on 

 a chief, but that the charge is borne 

 in the upper part of the shield. 



Chief-justice. See JUSTICE 

 (LORD CHIEF). 



Chieill-See* a lake of Upper Bavaria, the- 

 largest in the country, lies about 40 miles SE. of 

 Munich, at an elevation of 1650 feet above the sea, 

 with a length of 12 miles, a breadth of 7, and a 

 greatest depth of 512 feet. It has three islands ; its 

 surplus water is discharged by the Alz into the 

 Inn. The lake is famous for its fish ; and a small 

 steamer plies on it, although the primitive dug- 

 out canoes are still its characteristic craft. 



ChijB'ri, a town of Northern Italy, 12 miles SE. 

 of Turin by rail, with some fine churches, and silk, 

 cotton, ancl linen manufactures. Pop. 9494. 



< hi< : H. an archiepiscopal city of Italy, 

 beautifully situated on a hill near the Pescara, 69 

 miles E. of Aquila by rail, and only 8 from the 

 Adriatic. It has a fine Gothic cathedral, a lyceum, 

 and a theatre, and manufactures cloth and silk. 

 Pop. (1891) 23,528. Chieti was built on the site 

 of the ancient Teate of the Romans, many of the 

 remains of which are still visible. In 1524 St 

 Gaetano founded here the order of the Theatines. 



Chiff-chaff (Sylma hippolais), a small species 

 of warbler, of very wide distribution. It is common 

 in the south of Europe, and arrives in Britain in 

 early spring as a summer visitor, but does not reach 

 Scotland. Its general colour is brown ; the under 

 parts lighter. It is a very sprightly little bird ; 

 but its song consists merely of a frequent repetition 

 of two notes resembling the syllables chiff-chaff. 

 It is also called the Lesser Pettychaps. P/iyllo- 

 scopus tristis is sometimes called the Siberian Chiff- 

 chaff. See WHITETHROAT. 



Chigi* a princely Italian family, whose founder 

 was Agostino Chigi (died 1512), of Siena, who in 

 Rome became banker to the popes, and was noted 

 for his pomp and encouragement of art. See 

 Cugnonis Agostino Chigi tl Magnifico (Rome, 

 1881 ). A descendant, FABIO CHIGI, occupied the 

 papal throne as Alexander VII. ( 1655-67 ). FLA vio 

 CHIGI, bom in 1810, was till 1848 in the papal 

 guard, and then became Bishop of Mira I'M partibus, 

 nuncio at Munich, and till 1873 at Paris, and died 

 a cardinal, 15th February 1885. The head of the 

 family is Prince of Campagnano and Duke of 

 Ariccia, and is also hereditary marshal of the 

 Conclave. 



Chignecto Bay* an inlet at the head of the 

 Bay of Fundy, in British North America. It 

 separates Nova Scotia from New Brunswick, is 30 

 miles long and 8 broad, and has an isthmus of only 



