176 



CHIGNON 



14 miles in width between it and Northumberland 

 Strait, in the Gulf of St Lawrence. 



Chignon (Fr., originally the 'nape of the 

 neck ' ), a general term for the long back hair of 

 women when gathered up and folded into a roll on 

 the back of the head and neck. Padded and 

 powdered, it was a common mode of the 18th 

 century ; in 1866 it reappeared, and with the 

 generous assistance of false hair attained such 

 ungraceful proportions as by 1875 brought about its 

 dismissal. 



Chigoe, or JIGGER (Sarcopsylla penetrans), a 

 genus of flea, somewhat smaller than the familiar 

 Pulex, and without its jumping legs. It is an 

 American pest, found for about 30 degrees on each 

 side of the equator, but especially abundant in the 

 West Indies and in the north of South America. 

 It is found also in the West African coast region. 



Chigoe ( Sarcopsylla penetrans ) : 

 a, male ; 6, gravid female. 



One of its many names the ' sand-flea ' indicates 

 its favourite haunt among sand. It seems always 

 to keep near the abodes of men. The males and 

 immature females live like other fleas on chance 

 bites, and relish of course the blood of animals as 

 well as of man. It is the impregnated female which 

 is the chief trouble. Like many other animals it 

 seeks a safe and quiet breeding-place. This is 

 found under the skin of animals, on the feet or 

 under the toe-nails of man. There the minute 

 creature swells up enormously, attaining under the 

 pressure of the growing eggs the size of a pea. 

 Respiratory communication with the outer world is 

 kept up by an air-hole at the posterior end. In less 

 than a week the eggs are ready to be liberated, for 

 the larvre are not parasitic. The mother-animal 

 has meanwhile undergone a marked degeneration, 

 the internal organs being much squeezed and 

 atrophied by the growth of the ova. The entrance 

 of the female chigoe is marked by a tingling and 

 itching sensation, but if the development be 

 allowed quietly to proceed no evil results seem 

 to follow. Pressure and premature attempts to 

 isolate the intruder may, however, lead to ulcera- 

 tion. Its evil effects seem to have been exaggerated. 

 When the development of eggs has been completed, 

 the entire animal with its progeny may be gently 

 removed, and in this operation the West Indian 

 negresses are experts. Washing with tobacco- 

 juice is also resorted to, and the leaves are some- 

 times pressed on the feet as a preventive. 



Chigwell, a village of Essex, on the border of 

 Hainault Forest, 13 miles NE. of London. Its 

 ' Maypole Inn ' is familiar to readers of Barnaby 

 Rudge; and it has a grammar-school, founded by 

 Samuel Harsnet, Archbishop of York, in 1629, and 

 improved and enlarged since 1871 at 'a cost of 

 10,000. Penn was a pupil. Pop. of parish ( 1861 ) 

 2676; (1891)6324. 



Chihuahua, the largest state of Mexico, 

 bounded on the N. and NE. by New Mexico and 

 Texas, has an area of 87,802 sq.'m., and a popu- 

 lation of 298,073. In the east is the Bolson de 

 Mapimi, a vast desert of sand and alkali plains ; 

 in the south and west the surface is mountainous, 



and there are numerous rivers. The state is better 

 adapted for stock-raising than for agriculture ; 

 the fertile districts are mainly confined to the 

 valleys and river- courses. Cotton is grown in the 

 south. The silver-mines were for centuries among 

 the richest in Mexico, and though many are now 

 abandoned, mining is still the chief industry. The 

 state is traversed by the Mexican Central Railway. 

 The capital, Chihuahua, 225 miles S. of El Paso 

 by rail, rises like an oasis in the desert, among 

 roses and orange-groves. It is well built, with 

 broad, clean streets, an imposing cathedral (1717- 

 89). a mint, and an aqueduct 3 miles long, and is 

 the centre of considerable trade with Texas. 

 Founded in 1691, it had in the 18th century 80,000 

 inhabitants. Pop. (1880) 12,116. 



Chikislar, a small port in Russian Turkestan, 

 on the eastern shore of the Caspian, north of the 

 mouth of the Atrek. 



Chilblains are localised inflammations of the 

 skin which occur in cold weather, and affect the 

 parts farthest from the centre of the circulation 

 viz. the hands and feet, more rarely the ears or 

 nose. They are at first bright red, but as they dis- 

 appear assume a purplish tinge. Sometimes they 

 break and give rise to ulcers, which are slow to 

 heal. They occur most frequently in young people, 

 affect women more often than men, and are gener- 

 ally associated with weak health and a sluggish 

 circulation. They are often extremely irritable 

 and painful, especially when the affected part has 

 been chilled, and is quickly warmed again. In 

 their treatment, regard must be had to the general 

 health ; good feeding, exercise, and tonics should 

 be prescribed. It is very important that tight 

 shoes, gloves, garters, and bracelets should be 

 avoided ; and that the affected parts should be 

 warmly covered when exposed to the open air. 

 Locally, when the skin is whole, some stimulating 

 agent answers best ; tincture of iodine, spirit of 

 camphor, or mustard applied moist and rubbed till 

 it dries. If the skin be very tender, collodion 

 painted over it is useful. Broken chilblains should 

 be dressed with resin ointment or Peruvian balsam 

 on lint. 



Child. See BIRTH, FCETUS, FOUNDLING, HER- 

 EDITY, INFANT, MAN ; for legal standing, see AGE, 

 PARENT AND CHILD, GUARDIAN, HEIR, INFANT, 

 KIN (NEXT OF) ; see also ABDUCTION, CHILDREN 

 (PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO), FACTORY ACTS, 

 ILLEGITIMACY, INSURANCE, INFANTICIDE. 



Child, FRANCIS JAMES, the most learned of 

 ballad editors, was born in Boston, Massachusetts, 

 February 1, 1825. He graduated at Harvard in 

 1 846, and was an instructor there for some time in 

 the department of mathematics, and afterwards in 

 that of rhetoric. After a year or two spent in 

 Europe, he was in 1851 appointed to the chair of 

 Rhetoric at Harvard, which he exchanged in 1876 

 for that of Anglo-Saxon and Early English Litera- 

 ture. His first work was Four Old Plays (1848); 

 but more important were his annotated edition 

 of Spenser (5 vols. Boston, 1855), and of the 

 English and Scottish Ballads (8 vols. Boston, 1857- 

 59), in a great American series of 'British Poets.' 

 The latter was at once recognised as the best 

 collection of English ballad poetry a place which 

 it will lose only on the completion of the great 

 comparative collection by the same editor ( already 

 9 parts, Boston, 1882-94). This may be accepted 

 as the final work on its subject, as it contains 

 all the versions and variants collected from all 

 sources, while the introductions to each ballad are 

 masterpieces of luminousness and learning. An 

 Edition de luxe in form, and singularly free from 

 typographical and other errors, this work will con- 

 tinue to be indispensable to all serious students of 



