rmu 



CH1U.INGWORTH 



179 



1866 to $3,053,410, and in 1876 to 17,422,791, in 1886 

 reached $23,410,346. The current money of Chili 

 previous to the late war was gold and silver and 

 a restricted hank-note issue which stood at par. 

 The necessities of the government caused an issue 

 of inconvertible paper notes which subsequently 

 fell to a serious depredation. The par value of a 

 ilolhir is eijual to 5 francs or a little over 48d., luit 

 its value in exchange, during the war with Peru 

 was as low as Kid. It- value in 1805 was ahout 

 < >wing to this circumstance it is difficult to 

 form an exact estimate in sterling of the exports 

 and imports. Elaborate statistics are regularly 

 l>ul.lished by the government. The values are 

 arrived at by official valuation, which is not always 

 in proportion to the real value. Government 

 accounts are also still kept as though the dollar 

 was equivalent to 48d. The foregoing statistics 

 must therefore be modified in view of these con- 

 ditions. 



The constitution of Chili is republican and based 

 upon that of the United States. Every citizen is 

 entitled to a vote who can read and write and prove 

 that he earns $150 or upwards a year, and is 

 twenty-one years of age if married, or twenty-five if 

 single. The president is appointed by a body of 

 electors chosen by the people. His term of office is 

 five years, and his salary $18,000 per annum. The 

 cabinet consists of six ministers viz. of Finance, the 

 Interior, Foreign Affairs, War, Commerce and Public 

 Works, and of Justice, Public Worship, and Instruc- 

 tion. The Council of State consists of five members 

 nominated by the president, and six appointed by 

 congress. The legislature is composed of two 

 chambers viz. the Deputies, about 100 in num- 

 ber, being in proportion of one to 20,000 inhabit- 

 ants ; and the Senate, numbering one to every five 

 deputies. Deputies must have an income of at 

 least $500, and senators of $2000. The elections 

 are conducted with considerable fairness, but as 

 the majority of the representatives chosen have 

 come from the ranks or a few leading families, 

 Chili has been well described as ' an aristocratic 

 republic.' This state of affairs, however, has 

 brought excellent results, as the Chilian govern- 

 ment has long had a deservedly high reputation for 

 ability and integrity. 



History. The name Chili is supposed to be 

 derived from an ancient Peruvian word signify- 

 ing 'snow.' The northern portion, as far as the 

 river Maule, formed part of the dominions of 

 the .Incas of Peru. The southern was held by 

 the valiant Araucanians, the only aboriginal race 

 which was not subdued by the Spaniards, and 

 which until a few years ago maintained their 

 independence against the Chilians. The first 

 European to land in Chili was the Portuguese 

 discoverer Magellan, after his famous voyage 

 through the strait which now bears his name. He 

 landed at Chiloe in 1520. After the conquest of 

 Peru by Pi/arro, an expedition was made to Chili 

 from that country overland under the leadership of 

 Diego de Almagro in 1535. This expedition pene- 

 trated as far as the Rio Clano, but returned un- 

 successful. Another was sent under command of 

 Pedro Valdivia in 1540, which succeeded in annex- 

 ing the territory as far as the river Maipu. Sant- 

 iago, the capital, was founded by Valdivia in 1542. 

 During the colonial period the governors of Chili 

 were appointed by the viceroys of Peru. In 1810 

 a revolt against the Spanish power broke out, in 

 which Don Bernardo O'Higgins, son of one of the 

 last viceroys of Peru, but a native of Chili, played a 

 conspicuous part, and finally became the first dicta- 

 tor of the new republic. The conflict between the 

 Spanish troops and the republican army continued 

 until 1826, wnen peace was definitely settled, and 

 Chili left to govern itself. The first constitutional 



president wan General Blanco Encalada. The gov- 

 ernment was unsettled until 1H47. A revolution 

 broke out in 1851, hut since then there ban been no 

 HeriouH attempt to overturn the government by 

 force of arms. In 1864 Chili gave Peru very valu- 

 able support in her war with Spain. Valparaiso 

 was iMnnlmrded by the Spaniards in 1866. In 1870 

 Chili declared war against Bolivia, and immediately 

 thereafter against Peru, with which Bolivia was 

 allied. For a time the Peruvian fleet kept the 

 Chilians in check, but in August 1879 the Peru- 

 vian ironclad Huascar was captured by the Chilian 

 inen-of-war Cochrane and Bianco Encalada, both 

 armour-plated. After this event the success of 

 the Chilians was uninterrupted Peruvian towns 

 were bombarded, war-ships captured, and Lima 

 taken by storm 21st June 1881. The Chilians 

 o. rii pied Lima and Callao until 1883, when a treaty 

 of peace was signed. President Balmaceda's un- 

 constitutional government led to civil war in 1891, 

 when the congressional ists were victorious. The 

 decisive battle was fought near Val|>araiKO on 28th 

 August, and Balmaceda committed suicide. 



See books on Chili by Dr W. H. Russel ( 1890 ), M. H. 

 Hervey (1891), Hancock (1894), W. Anderson Smith 

 (1900), Rumbold (Paris, 1877), Robiano (Paris, 1882), 

 Ochsenius (Leip. 1884), Boyd (1881), Sir Clements R. 

 Markham (1883); Lord Cochrane, in the Fortniyhtly 

 Review ( 1884 ) ; the ffistoria, Oeneral by Arana ( 1863 ), 

 and that by Resales ( 1878 ). For Chili Pine, Chili Nettle, 

 see ARAUCAKIA, LOASACE.B. 



Chiliasm. See MILLENNIUM. 



Chilkoot Pass* a difficult pass through the 

 coast range of the Rocky Mountains, on the main 

 route from the South Alaskan strip of coast to the 

 Canadian north-western district or Yukon, includ- 

 ing Klondike and other rich gold-bearing regions 

 in the upper basin of the Yukon river. 



Chilian* capital of the Chilian province of 

 Nuble (pop. 16,000), with bathing establishments, 

 near the extinct volcano of Chilian (9445 feet). 



Chillesford Beds. See PLIOCENE. 



Chillies. See CAPSICUM. 



Chillianwalla, a village of the Punjab, 5 

 miles from the east bank of the Jhelum, and 85 

 miles NW. of Lahore. It was the scene of an 

 indecisive but sanguinary battle during the second 

 Sikh war, 13th January 1849, and is the site of. an 

 obelisk erected to the memory of the British officers 

 and men who fell in the engagement. 



Chillicc'the*, capital of Ross county, Ohio, 

 pleasantly situated on the Scioto River and on the 

 Ohio Canal, 50 miles S. of Columbus by rail. It 

 has manufactures of 'paper, leather, farming imple- 

 ments, &c., and was from 1800 to 1810 the capital 

 of the state. Pop. (1880) 10,938 ; (1890) 11,288. 



Chillillgliani, a village in the north of North- 

 umberland, on the river Till, 8 miles SW. of Bel- 

 ford. To the south is Chillingham Castle, seat of 

 the Earl of Tankerville, built in the reign of 

 Edward III. In the park, as at Cadzow, are pre- 

 served a herd of wild white cattle. See CATTLE. 



Chilling worth. WILLIAM, one of the greatest 

 of English controversial theologians, was corn at 

 Oxford in 1602, the son of a prosperous citizen, 

 who afterwards became mayor. Laud, then Fellow 

 of St John's College, was his godfather. In 1618 

 he became a scholar of Trinity College, and in 

 1628 was elected to a fellowship in his college. 

 Aubrey's story that he acted here as a kind 

 of spy for Laud rests on Sir William Davenant's 

 dubious authority alone, and may safely be 

 neglected. His great parts soon secured him 

 the intimacy of Sir Lucius Carey, afterwards 

 Lord Falkland, John Hales of Eton, and Gilbert 

 Sheldon, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury ; 



