CHIN* HIU,A 



CHIOS 



197 





q. m. It is the source of the river Jauga, and 



iiinls iii lisl. untl wild-foul. 



liinrhilla, a town of Spain, 12 miles SE. of 

 ii.n i-ic l.\ rau, situated on an abrupt rocky hill, 

 in which an- mi iniTous caves that serve as dwelling- 

 places. It has gypsum and marble <| names and 

 manufactures of earthenware. l'<>i>. 6080. 



Chinchilla (<'. /"///</'/"), a South American 

 rodent, well known hy its Hoft gray fur. Two 

 related animals (Lagiaium peruanvm and Lagos- 

 tiniinx trichodactylus, the Viscacha) form along 

 with the true chinchilla the small family Chin- 

 ch illidae in the porcupine section of the Rodent 

 onl'T. All the three are somewhat squirrel-like 

 animals, but have long hind-legs, bushy tail, very 

 soft fur, and complete collar-hones. The chin- 

 fliilla and the lagidium occur on the higher Andes 



Chinchilla. 



of Peru and Chili at a high elevation ; the viscacha 

 is found on the Pampas. The three genera differ dis- 

 tinctly, but not widely. The chinchilla proper has 

 a body about a foot long, and the tail measures fully 

 6 inches. They are extremely active animals, and 

 climb among the rocks with the greatest agility. 

 They are killed in thousands for the sake of their fur, 

 and prolific as they are, seem to be diminishing in 

 abundance. The fur is used for various articles of 

 attire, and the Peruvians are said to have formerly 

 woven the hair into fine fabrics. See VISCACHA. 



Chinchon'. a town of Spain, 25 miles SE. of 

 Madrid. Pop. 4771. After a Countess of Chin- 

 chon, wife of the governor of Peru in 1638, Peruvian 

 bark was named Chinchona, now habitually mis- 

 spelled Cinchona (q.v.). 



Chindwa'ra, chief town of a district in the 

 Central Provinces of India, on a plateau 2200 feet 

 above the sea, 70 miles N. by \V. of Nagpur. It 

 is the seat of a Free Church mission. Pop. 8220. 

 , The district has an area of 3915 sq. m., and a 

 .pop. of 407,494. 



Chinese Hemp* a kind of Corchorus (q.v. ). 



Chinese White, a permanent white pigment 

 used in the arts, consists of the white oxide of 

 zinc, ZnO. Its manufacture was first attempted 

 in 17HO, and in 1796 Atkinson patented its use as a 

 substitute for white lead, which had previously 

 been the only available white pigment, and was a 

 most unsatisfactory one on account of its turning 

 brown on continued exposure to the atmosphere. 

 Only, however, in 1844 was a good and cheap method 

 of preparing the pigment discovered by M. Leclaire. 



Chillgalpat (Chengaljmt), a town of India, 36 

 miles SW. of Madras by rail, with district court 

 and hospital, a public bungalow, and an old fort, 

 now abandoned, but formerly of great strength and 

 importance as a key of Madras. Clive captured 

 it in 1752. Pop. 5617. The district to which 



the town gives name has an area of 2842 q. m., 

 and a pop. of 1,136,928, rmmtly Hindus. It U a 

 flat country, cut up by canals. The soil in poor. 

 With 1 15 miles of const, it has not a single harbour 

 or anything like shelter from the surf. 



Cllllltfford, an Essex village, 94 miles NE. of 

 London. There is a golf course close by in Epping 

 Forest. Pop. of parish, 2737. 



Chilli . a village of the Punjab, 1 mile from the 

 Sutlej's right bank, on the southern slope of a lofty 

 mountain, 9085 feet above sea-level. It was a 

 favourite hill residence of Lord Dalhousie. 



4 hiu-li ianu. a Chinese port on the Yang-tze- 

 kiang, in the province of Keang-su, 40 mill < 

 ENE. of Nanking. Formerly, as the southern 

 key of the neighbouring Grand Canal, it was 

 both an important stronghold and a centre of 

 traffic ; but it was bombarded by the British in 

 1842, and nearly destroyed by the Tfii-pings in 

 1853. Opened to foreign trade in 1861, the com- 

 merce of the place has not greatly increased since, 

 unless in the import of opium. Pop. 135,000. 



4 liinon. an antique town in the French depart- 

 ment of Indre-et- Loire, beautifully situated on the 

 Vienne, 31 miles SW. of Tours by rail. Crowning 

 a lofty rock are the ruins of its vast old castle, the 

 ' French Windsor ' of the Plantagenets, the death- 

 place of Henry II.; and later the residence of 

 several French sovereigns, where, in 1429, Joan 

 of Arc revealed her mission to the Dauphin. A 

 farmhouse across the Vienne is pointed out as 

 Rabelais' birthplace. Pop. 4397. 



4'hinooks. a tribe of Indians, now nearly 

 extinct, on the Columbia River on the west coast of 

 North America. Their language was very difficult 

 to learn and to pronounce, and this led to the 

 formation of the Chinook jargon, a trader's lingua 

 Franca, consisting of words from French, English, 

 and Hawaiian, as well as Chinook .and other Indian 

 tongues. See the dictionary by Gibbs (1863) and 

 the monograph by H. Hale (1890). 



Chins. See BURMA, Vol. II. p. 564. 



4 hill sura, now a part of Hooghly (q.v.), origi- 

 nally a Dutch town, ceded in 1825. 



Chintz, a highly glazed printed calico, with a 

 pattern generally in several colours on a white 

 or light-coloured ground. It was chiefly used for 

 bed-hangings, for covering furniture, and other 

 purposes where there is much exposure to dust, 

 which does not adhere to its highly calendered 

 surface. In Great Britain chintz is' now mostly 

 employed for babies' bassinettes. It has been long 

 the practice in Persia to have the pattern on some 

 chintzes partly in gold. Glue or other size is 

 printed on the cloth, to which the gold dust or leaf 

 adheres. See CRETONNE. 



Chiocpcca, a genus of Cinchonacejv, of which 

 two species in particular, C. anguifuga and C. 

 t/1-nxtfiifiti, the former a trailing herb, the latter 

 a bushy shrub, enjoy a high reputation in Brazil 

 as cures for snake-bites and in the treatment of 

 dropsy. An infusion of the root is one of the most 

 violent emetic and drastic medicines known, but it 

 is happily no longer used in Europe. 



4 liiouuia, or CHIOZZA, an important seaport 

 town of Northern Italy, 15 miles SSW. of Venice, 

 on an island at the southern end of the Venetian 

 Lagoon, connected with the mainland by a stone 

 bridge of 43 arches. It is founded on piles, and 

 has a cathedral ; its harlnnir, the deepest in the 

 Lagoon, is guarded by forts and batteries. Pop., 

 inclusive of Sottomarina, 25,084, most of them en- 

 gaged in the coasting trade, lace-making, weaving, 

 shipbuilding, and fisning. 



Chios (now called by the natives Chio, Italian- 

 ised into Scio) is one of the most beautiful and 



