200 



CHITRAL 



CHIVE 



are usually gathered together into a special sub- 

 class or class styled Isopleura or Amphineura, 

 names referring to the equal-sided symmetry and 

 to the double parallel nerve-cords. See GASTE- 

 ROPODA ; Haddon, Challenger Report, xv. (1886). 



Chitral, a small mountain state in the upper 

 basin of the Kashkar or Kunar, a tributary of the 

 Kabul River, and bordering on Cashmere and Kafiri- 

 stan, is 5200 feet above sea-level. Major Biddulph, 

 the first European to enter it, described it in Tribes 

 of the Hindoo Koosh (1800). The people are Mos- 

 lems, but mostly speak a language closely akin 

 to that of their pagan neighbours in Kafiristan. 

 Upper Chitral, with its capital Mastuj, is closely 

 connected with Gilgit. Lower Chitral enjoyed till 

 lately undisturbed independence. Bat in 1894 an 

 English resident and small body of troops were 

 besieged in Chitral, so in March 1895 an expedition 

 was sent (the -main body by the Swat valley, the 

 other from Gilgit ), which after sharp fighting ad- 

 vanced triumphantly through very difficult country, 

 relieved the besieged, and annihilated all opposition. 

 See Sir G. S. Robertson's Chitral : the Story of a 

 Minor Siege (1898). 



Chittagong, or ISLAMABAD, a port of Bengal, 

 220 miles E. of Calcutta, on the eastern side of 

 the Bay of Bengal, and on the Karnaphuli River, 

 about 12 miles from its mouth. The town is very 

 scattered, built entirely on a number of small, 

 steep hills, and is notorious for the prevalence 

 of malaria. A great centre of trade under the 

 Portuguese, it has regained much of the com- 

 merce it lost with the rise of Calcutta. The 

 principal imports are salt and European goods ; 

 the chief exports rice, tea, and jute. Pop. ( 1891 ) 

 24,069. The district is a long narrow strip of 

 country lying between the Bay of Bengal and 

 the hill tracts of Chittagong and Arakan, M'ith 

 an area of 2563 sq. m. , and a pop. of 1,290,167, 

 two-thirds Mohammedans. Chittagong also gives 

 name to a division area, 12,118 sq. m. ; pop. 

 4,190,081 and to the hill district to the east area, 

 5519 sq. m. ; pop. 107,286, three-fourths Buddhists 

 from whose forests a large proportion of the 

 government elephants are obtained. 



Chittagong Wood, a name somewhat vaguely 

 used by cabinetmakers, is usually the wood of 

 Chickrassia tabularis, a tree of the order Cedre- 

 lacefe, a native of the mountainous countries to the 

 east of Bengal. In some parts of India it is called 

 Cedar or Bastard Cedar, names, however, which 

 are also given to other kinds of wood. It is much 

 valued in India, and is used like mahogany ; it is 

 often beautifully veined and mottled. 



Chittim, or KITTIM, in the Old Testament, is 

 usually 'identified with Cyprus. See also HITTITES. 



Chittor' ( ' little town ' ), a town of India, the 

 headquarters of North Arcot district, on the Poini, 

 100 miles W. of Madras. Pop. 5809. 



Cllilisa, the name of several places in Italy, the 

 largest being CHIUSA SCLAFANI, a town of Sicily, 

 31 miles SSW. of Palermo, with oil, fruit, and 

 sumach cultivation. Pop. 6874. 



ChillSi. a town of Central Italy, 102 miles 

 NNW. of Rome by rail, with a population of 1824, 

 stands on an olive-clad eminence in the Val di 

 Chiana, not far from the small Lago di Chiusi. In 

 ancient timeb, under the name of Clusium, it was 

 one of the twelve republics of Etruria, and the resi- 

 dence of Porsenna (q.v.). When Italy was over- 

 run by the barbarians, it fell into decay, the whole 

 valley was depopulated, and became the pestilential 

 pool described by Dante. Since the improvement 

 of the course of the Chiana (q.v.), Chiusi has begun 

 to flourish again along with the whole district. 

 But it is in connection with the discovery of 



Etruscan antiquities that the place is chiefly heard 

 of. Within this century immense quantities of" 

 these remains have been found in the neighbour- 

 hood in the grottoes that served the ancient Etrus- 

 cans as tombs. They consist chiefly of sun-dried 

 black earthenware vases, ornaments, relievos, and 

 carved stonework, and are preserved in the museums 

 at Chiusi and Florence. See Liverani, Le Cata- 

 combe di Chiusi (1872). 



Chivalry ( Fr. chevalerie, horn chevalier, 'a horse- 

 man'), a social arrangement of medieval life in 

 Christian Europe, of which knighthood formed a 

 central feature. It included everything relating to 

 martial accomplishments, and the relation between 

 vassal and lord, then the chief bond of society. 

 With regard to the position of the female sex and 

 domestic life, it developed sentiments and manners 

 which had a powerful and salutary effect on modern 

 society, although it is true that the high ideal 

 standard of purity of morals which it cultivated 

 was not always fully exemplified in the lives of 

 those who were trained under its influence. Though 

 closely connected with feudalism, its germ has by 

 some writers been traced to a much earlier age ; and 

 analogies have been pointed out between the doc- 

 trines of Boethius's Consolations of Philosophy and 

 the ideas contained in the Testament of Love. See 

 FEUDALISM, KNIGHT. 



In English Law, Chivalry is used to mean the 

 tenure of lands by Knight's Service, which might 

 be general or special, according as the tenant was 

 bound to perform to the king or superior military 

 service generally, or some particular service. 



The COURT OF CHIVALRY was a military court 

 established by Edward III., of which the Earl 

 Marshal and the Lord High Constable were judges. 

 It tried military offences, and decided questions of 

 personal honour, questions as to coat-armour and 

 the like ; and sat for the last time in 1737. 



Chivasso, a town of Northern Italy, on the 

 Po, 18 miles NE. of -Turin by rail, with trade in 

 cattle and corn. Its fortifications were destroyed 

 in 1804 by the French. Pop. 4375. 



Chive, or GIVE (Allinm schcenoprasum), a plant 

 of the same genus with the leek and onion (see 

 ALLIUM), a perennial, J to 1 foot in height, with 

 very small, flat, clustered bulbs, increasing by its- 

 bulbs so as to form dense tufts. The leaves are 

 tubular, cylindrical-tapering, radical, nearly as long 

 as the almost leafless flowering-stem, which is 

 terminated by a hemispherical, many-flowered, not 

 bulbiferous umbel of bluish red, or, more rarely, 

 flesh-coloured flowers. The stamens are included 

 within the perianth. This rather pretty little plant 

 grows wild on the banks of rivers, in marshy or 

 occasionally flooded places, and in rocky pastures in 

 the middle latitudes of Europe and Asia, as alsoj 

 in the far north of North America. It is a rare 

 native of Britain, being only recorded with certainty 

 from some localities in Cornwall and Northumber- 

 land. In some of the mountainous districts of 

 Europe a variety is found, larger and stronger in 

 all its parts, and with flowering-stems more leafy. 

 Chives the name is generally used in the plural 

 are commonly cultivated in kitchen-gardens, often 

 as an edging for plots, and are used for flavouring 

 soups and dishes, and in salads. Their properties 

 are very similar to those of the onion. The part 

 used is the young leaves, which bear repeated 

 cuttings in the season. The bulbs also are by some 

 used in preference to onions for pickling, their 

 flavour being considered more delicate. For this 

 purpose the clumps of bulbs are broken up in 

 autumn or early winter, and planted in well-manured 

 ground, in lines four or five inches apart, but stand- 

 ing almost close in line. In -this way they become 

 larger and more succulent by the following autumn,, 



