CHIZEROT8 AND BURINS 



< HLOkAl, 



201 



they an> lifted for use, tin- largest only l>eing 

 taken, ami tin- smaller replanted fur a future crop. 



4 lii/.cro|s and Itnrins form ,.n.- <>f those 

 peeuliar ra-es in I'Vain-i- that live isolated in the 

 midst <>f t lie rest ot th population, and arc despised 



and hated liy their Dejgnboun. They arc found in 



tin- ftrrondissemenl of Bonrg-en-BreMe, in the depart 



mi-lit of Aiu; and tin- communes of Serm<>M-r, 

 Arbigny. Ho/, and < >/an belong tu them. Accord- 

 ing U> tradition, they are descended from the 

 Saracens. Although indust rioiis and prosperous, 

 they an- held in the utmost contempt and detect - 

 atiiin li\ 1 1 icir peasant neighbours, often themselves 

 indolent and destitute. They are looked upon as 

 cosctous ami malicious, and scarcely would the 

 daughter of a small farmer or well-to-do day- 

 la I tourer become the wife of one of them, so that 

 tiirv mostly marry among themselves. From time 

 immemorial, they have been field-labourers, cattle- 

 dealers, butchers, and the like. Many of them are 

 very good-looking, the young women in particu- 

 lar being handsome and clear-complexioned, with 

 large black eyes. See Michel, Histoire des Races 

 Mamlites de la France et de VEapagne ( 2 vols. Paris, 

 1847). 



< lil.Klni. ERNST FLORKXS FKIEDRICH, founder 

 of the science of acoustics, was born at Wittenberg, 

 November 30, 1756. He studied law in his native 

 place, and also in Leipzig, where, in 1782, he was 

 made Doctor of Laws. Chladni ultimately aban- 

 doned juridical studies altogether, devoted his 

 mind to natural science, and being acquainted with 

 music, was led to observe that the laws of sound 

 were by no means so well established as those of 

 other branches of physics. He therefore began to 

 apply his knowledge of mathematics and physics to 

 acoustics, and travelled for ten years (after 1802) 

 through Germany, Holland, France, Italy, Russia, 

 and Denmark, giving lectures on the subject, which 

 were very successful. He died in Breslau, April 4, 

 1827. Chladni's writings include works on the 

 theory of sound ( 1787 ), and on acoustics ( 1802 and 

 1817), on mtteors (1820), and on the improving of 

 musical instruments. There is a Life t>y Melde 

 ( I860 ; i>d eil. 1888). See SOUND. 



Clllailiydo'pllorilS, a rare and peculiar mam- 

 mal of the sloth and ant-eater order (Edentata); 

 in its general features resembling the Armadillos, 

 but unique in the character of its skin armour. 



..-- , .: 



Picliiciago ( Chlamydophorus truncatut). 



The head and trunk are covered by about twenty 

 movable cross bands of quadrangular horny ( sligli t 1 y 

 bony) plates. These form an overhanging dorsal 

 shield, attached to the body only along the middle 

 line of the back. The hind parts are protected by 

 the abrupt occurrence of a strong upright lx>ny 

 shield attached to the hip-girdle. The short tail, 

 which is broadened out into a trowel shape, and 

 tucked in between the legs, is protected by horny 

 plates, as are also the dorsal portions of the short, 

 clawed limbs. The rest of the body is covered with 



long silky hair. There are 8 teeth on each Hide 

 above, and 8-9 Iwlow. The eyes and ears are 

 inconspicuous. C. trtincatu# (the Pichiciago) in a 

 burrowing animal, living 'in the Randy plains of 

 the western part of the Argentine Republic.' Dur- 

 ing the day it keeps to it- burrow, and i- little 

 known. It is 5 or inches in length, with white 

 hair and pinkish scales. C. retusu, from Bolivia, 

 is larger, and the dorsal shield has a wider attach- 

 ment to the body. See ANT-EATER)*, ARMADILLO, 

 EDENTATA, SLOTH. 



ChlailiydosHUrus, the Frilled Lizard of Aus- 

 tralia, is a lizard with an extraordinary frilled 

 membrane attached to the hinder part of the head, 

 neck, and chest, and covering its shoulders. ThL* 

 lies in plaits when at rest, but is expanded when 

 the animal, which may be three feet long, in irri- 

 tated or frightened. The creature, which is allied 

 to the Iguanidae, can run for forty feet with it* 

 fore-feet and tail in the air, and seems in this 

 respect to resemble some of the extinct gigantic 

 lizards. See a long article, with illustrations, in 

 Nature for February 1896. 



riilnmvs. a short light mantle, worn as an 

 outer garment by ancient Greek youths, and some- 

 times adopted, even at an early period, by some 

 Romans, as by Scipio and Sulla. 



Clllopicki, JOSEPH, a Polish soldier and patriot, 

 was born in Galicia in 1771. Entering the army 

 early, he took part in the first insurrection of the 

 Poles, next entered the French service, and served 

 with great credit under Napoleon in Italy, at 

 Eylau and Friedland, in Spain, and next at 

 Smolensk and Moskwa. After the taking of Paris 

 by the allies in 1814, he led back to Poland the 

 remains of the Polish troops who had fought under 

 Bonaparte, and was well received by the Emperor 

 Alexander, who made him a general of division. 

 When the second insurrection of the Poles broke 

 out in 1830, Chlopicki, who foresaw the hopeless 

 nature of the attempt, was forced against his will 

 to be dictator, but after six weeks of contentious 

 opposition from the hot-headed and rashly extreme 



|>atriotic party, he resigned his office. But with a 

 leroism all the more heroic that he knew too well 

 the cause was hopeless, he re-entered the Polish 

 army as a simple soldier, and fought with reckless 

 bravery at Wawre and Grochow. Severely wounded 

 in one engagement, he retired to Cracow, where he 

 died 30th September 1854. (The name is pro- 

 nounced Chlopitzki. ) 



Chloral (trichloraldehyde)ia a limpid, colour- 

 less, oily liquid, with a peculiar penetrating odour, 

 and is formed when anhydrous alcohol is acted on 

 by dry chlorine gas. It dissolves sulphur, phos- 

 phorus, bromine, and iodine, and is closely allied 

 to Aldehyde (q.v.). Chloral combined with one 

 equivalent of water forms chloral hydrate, a white 

 crystalline substance, with a pungent odour and a 

 bitter taste, to which the name chloral is commonly 

 though incorrectly applied. Chloral was discovered 

 by Li.'hig i n 1331, and investigated by Dumas; the 

 chloral hydrate was first used as an anjvsthetie and 

 hypnotic 'by Liebreich in 1869. The chief action 

 of a moderate dose of chloral ( 15 to 30 grain> i- 

 the production of sleep, closely resembling natural 

 sleep, and usually sound and refreshing. It has 

 also a marked effect in quieting excitement, as in 

 insanity or delirium ; and in relaxing spasm, and 

 checking convulsions and allied conditions. Its 

 action as an anivsthetic is very capricious and 

 uncertain ; medicinal doses sometimes relieve pain 

 completely, but much more often fail to do so. It 

 lessens the force of the heart's action, and in large 

 doses greatly reduces the temperature of the body ; 

 and to these effects the fatal results that sometimes 

 follow its administration are chiefly due. As a 



