214 



CHBISTCHURCH 



CHRISTIANIA 



sometimes called Thomasites. ) They deny the exist 

 ence of a personal devil, and the immortality of the 

 soul, believing in 'Conditional Immortality' (q.v.), 

 to be bestowed upon the faithful of all ages when 

 Christ returns. They insist on the plenary inspira- 

 tion of the Bible, the real death of Christ as a sacri- 

 fice for sin, his resurrection and ascension ; and look 

 for his return to the earth to reign on the throne of 

 David over the converted and restored twelve tribes 

 of Israel and all nations. They believe that death 

 is a state of entire unconsciousness, terminated by 

 a corporeal resurrection for those who have become 

 related to Christ through faith and obedience, or are 

 responsible for his rejection. Those accepted after 

 the judgment reign for ever with Christ over the 

 nations, those rejected die the second death. Com- 

 munities of Christadelphians exist in the principal 

 towns of Great Britain, Ireland, the United States, 

 and the colonies, but no statistics as to numbers 

 exist. Probably the members amount to a few 

 thousands. Their leading organ is The Christa- 

 delphian, published monthly in Birmingham, and 

 founded by Robert Roberts, whose work, Christen- 

 dom Astray, along with Elpis Israel and Eureka by 

 John Thomas, M. D., furnish full details as to creed. 



Christchurch, a parliamentary and municipal 

 borough of Hampshire, at the head of the estuary 

 formed by the Avon and Stour, 24 miles SW. of 

 Southampton by road, but 33J by rail. The noble 

 church of an Augustinian priory, founded here in 

 1150, is 303 feet long by 101 across the transept, 

 and includes every style from Norman to Per- 

 pendicular. Special features of interest are the 

 splendid Early English porch, a monument to 

 Shelley, a beautiful rood-screen, and the chapel 

 built by Henry VIII. 's victim, Margaret, Countess 

 of Salisbury. Little remains of the domestic build- 

 ings of the monastery or of the Norman castle. 

 Christchurch possesses one notable specialty, the 

 making of watch and clock fusee-chains. The har- 

 bour has high-water twice every tide. The par- 

 liamentary borough, 22,350 acres in area, comprises 

 the favourite watering-place Bournemouth. It 

 returns one member to parliament. Pop. ( 1851 ) 

 7475 ; ( 1881 ) 28,535 ; of municipal borough ( 1881 ) 

 3260 ; ( 1891 ) 3994. The latter received a charter 

 of incorporation in 1886. 



Christchurch, capital of the provincial dis- 

 trict of Canterbury, in New Zealand, situated on 

 the river Avon, about 8 miles from Port Lyttelton, 

 with which it is connected by rail, the tunnel 

 through the Port Hills being the longest in New 

 Zealand ; it has also railway communication with 

 Dunedin and with the north. The chief public 

 buildings are the government offices, museum 

 (with many specimens of the Moa, q.v. ), cathedral 

 (a reproduction of that of Caen in France), and 

 hospital. There are numerous banks and insurance 

 offices ; and among the public schools are Christ's 

 College, a high school for boys, and a high school 

 for girls. The water-supply is derived from arte- 

 sian wells. Two parks 'and the Government Domain 

 afford ample pleasure-grounds. It is the centre of 

 a great grazing district, and has also flourishing 

 manufactories. Boot manufacturing is one of the 

 chief industries ; there are several newspapers pub- 

 lished here, and the city possesses steam tramways, 

 theatres, social and athletic clubs, and a corps 

 of volunteers. The founders of the colony named 

 each of the streets of its capital after an English 

 diocese. An earthquake in 1888 damaged the 

 cathedral and other buildings. Pop. ( 1888 ) 15,265 ; 

 (1891) 16,223 ; with suburbs, 47,846. 



Christening, a term often used as equivalent 

 to Baptism ( q. v. ). 



Christian II., king of Denmark, Norway, and 

 Sweden, was born at Nyborg, in the island of 



Fiinen, in 1481, and mounted the throne of Nor- 

 way and Denmark in 1513. His marriage in 1515 

 to a sister of the Emperor Charles V. did not 

 extinguish his love for his mistress Dyveke 

 (q.v.), whose sudden death he avenged with his 

 native savagery. In 1520 he overthrew at Boge- 

 sund the brave regent of Sweden, Sten Sture the 

 younger, and thereafter was crowned king. But 

 his ferocious passions, and especially his treacherous 

 massacre in the Stockholm ' blood bath ' of the 

 foremost men in Sweden (November 8-10, 1520), 

 roused such a spirit of opposition in that country 

 that he was speedily driven out by the young 

 national leader, Gustavus Vasa, himself the son 

 of one of his victims. In Denmark also a popular 

 revolt drove Christian for refuge to the Netherlands, 

 and placed his uncle Frederick I. upon the throne. 

 Encouraged, however, by the Catholic party in the 

 Netherlands, and assisted by Charles V. , Christian 

 landed in Norway in 1531, but at the battle of 

 Aggerhuus next year was totally defeated, and spent 

 his remaining years in imprisonment at Sonder- 

 burg and Kallundborg, where he died in 1559. 



Christian IV., king of Denmark and Nor- 

 way, and Duke of Sleswick-Holstein, the son of 

 Frederick II., born at Frederiksborg, in Zealand, 

 12th April 1577, and elected successor to the throne 

 in 1588. He assumed the government of the duchy 

 in 1593 ; of the kingdom in 1596. His first war 

 with Sweden ( 1611-13) ended in an advantageous 

 peace; his second (1643-45) cost him much of the 

 territory across the Sound. Christian's share in 

 the Thirty Years' War was brief and inglorious. 

 In 1625 he became chief of the Protestant league, 

 but his disasters so damped his ardour that he was 

 fain to retire from the struggle in 1629 under cover 

 of the peace of Liibeck to make room for the great 

 Gustavus Adolphus. His indefatigable labours for 

 the improvement of his country were more suc- 

 cessful. He strengthened its maritime power ; 

 extended its commerce as far as the East Indies, 

 where he obtained the first possessions ; and by 

 restrictions upon the Hanse towns, greatly in- 

 creased the inland trade of the country. His 

 legislative and financial reforms, together with his 

 love and patronage of the arts and sciences, gained 

 for him the affection of his people. Spite of his 

 ill-success in war he became a hero ; the ballad, 

 King Christian stood by the lofty Mast, commemo- 

 rates his heroism in the sea-fight with the Swedes 

 before Kiel in 1644, and his memory is preserved 

 in the names of the cities of Christiansand and 

 Christiania. He died 28th February 1648. 



Christian Brothers. See SCHOOLS (BRO- 

 THERS OF CHRISTIAN). 



Christian Connection, an American de- 

 nomination founded early in the 19th century on 

 the basis of the Bible as the sole authoritative rule 

 of faitli and practice, with open fellowship to all 

 pious Christians of whatever creed. It numbers 

 about 120,000 members, who are now mostly Anti- 

 trinitarians and Baptists. 



Christian Endeavour Societies, for the 



promotion of Christian life amongst young people, 

 and for making their members useful in the service 

 of God, were first formed by Dr F. E. Clark of the 

 Congregational church at Portland, Maine, U.S., 

 in 1881 ; and by 1896 there were 45,000 societies 

 (nearly 4000 in Britain), with 2,500,000 members. 

 The organisation is supported by almost all the 

 sections of Protestantism. 



Christiania (Kristiania), the modern capital 

 of Norway (the kings are still crowned at 

 Trend h jem, (q.v.), is built at the northern end of 

 Christiania Fiord, in 59 56' N. lat. and 10 50' E. 

 long. Its population in 1891 was 151,239, and in 



