230 



CHRYSANTHEMUM 



CHRYSELEPHANTINE 



reconstruction is soon followed by a writhing 

 restlessness, in the course of which the chrysalis 

 frees itself from encumbrances, and emerges 



Various forms of Chrysalis : 



a, orange-tip butterfly ; 6, black- veined white butterfly; c, swallow- 

 tailed butterfly ; d, purple emperor ; e, silver- washed fritillary ; 

 /, Duke of Burgundy fritillary. 



into freedom and flight. Mr Poulton has made 

 some exceedingly beautiful experiments on the 

 effect of external surroundings on pupse, and has 

 shown how gilded surroundings are associated 

 with the appearance of gilded chrysalids. See 

 BUTTERFLY, CATERPILLAR, INSECTS, META- 

 MORPHOSIS. 



Chry san'themiim ( Gr. , ' gold-flower ' ), a genus 

 of plants of the natural order Composite, sub-order 

 Corymbiferse ; having a hemispherical or nearly flat 

 involucre, with imbricated scales, which are mem- 

 braneous at the margin, a naked receptacle, the 

 florets of the disc tubular and hermaphrodite, those 

 of the ray strap-shaped and female, the fruit desti- 

 tute of pappus. The species of this genus are 

 annuals, perennials, or shrubby ; and all have 

 leafy stems. They are natives -chiefly of the 

 temperate parts of the Old World. C. leucan- 

 themum, the Ox-eye, or Ox-eye Daisy, is abundant 

 in fields, meadows, and grassy places of woods 

 in Europe and North America. It has large 

 flowers, with white ray and yellow disc. It is 

 often a troublesome weed among hay and in pas- 

 tures ; being perennial, and having a creeping 

 brittle root-stock, it is not easily extirpated. It 

 is common in Britain, which has several other 

 native species, C. segetum ( Corn Marigold ), a 

 frequent weed in cornfields, which is an annual, 

 with large deep yellow flowers ; C. inodorum 

 (Scentless Chrysanthemum), an annual with erect 

 branching habit, leaves like the camomile, and 

 white flowers ; and C. parthenium Pyrethrum 

 parthenium of some botanists Common Feverfew, 

 a perennial, probably originally spread from culti- 

 vation, but now at least apparently indigenous to 

 a great part of Britain. Of the latter, the Golden 

 Feather, so commonly used in designs in the flower- 



farden, and a compact free -flowering form with 

 ouble flowers, are two useful and well-marked 

 varieties. From C. inodorum has also recently 

 evolved a variety with pure white double flowers, 

 of great value to those who cater for cut flowers, 

 the colour and form being desirable and the crop 

 enormous. The Paris Daisy or Marguerites, which 

 have recently become so popular as greenhouse 

 and bedding plants, are forms of C. frutescens and 

 C. pinnatifidum, the latter a native of Madeira, 

 the former of the Canaries. The old-fashioned 



yellow and white chrysanthemum of our cottage- 

 gardens is C. corduarium, a native of Sicily and 

 North Africa. C. carinatum, a pretty annual 

 species from Barbary, is sometimes seen in gardens 

 in this country treated as a tender annual. The 

 most favoured species, however, with gardeners of 

 this and other countries is C. sinense, sometimes 

 also named C. indicum. It was introduced in 

 1764, and has increased in varieties immensely 

 since then. In 1832 there were only about forty 

 known ; now they are to be reckoned by hun- 

 dreds, and the num- 

 bers are yearly being 

 added to. Long before 

 it was known in Europe 

 the gardeners of China 

 and Japan were enthu- 

 siastic cultivators of 

 the flower ; and it gives 

 its name in the latter 

 country to the highest 

 order of honour ' The 

 Order of the Golden 

 Flower.' The colours 

 are exceedingly various 

 and beautiful, and the 

 form of the flower- 

 heads in some varieties 

 is marked by the most 

 perfect symmetry, 

 while in others it 

 assumes a medusa-like 

 character, with numer- 

 ous twisted thread-like 

 florets of several inches 

 in length. The cir- 

 cumstance that it may 

 be had in flower dur- 

 ing the late autumn 

 months and far into 

 winter, coupled with 

 its profuse flowering 



quality and its simple cultural requirements, 

 renders it a universal favourite. Cuttings are 

 struck in November, December, and January. 

 They require no heat, but merely protection from 

 frost, and till they strike root they must be kept 

 in a close case away from draught. The soil they 

 delight in most is a rich loam, with decomposed 

 manure, a third of the latter to two-thirds of the 

 former. They should be placed out of doors from 

 May till the time of killing autumnal frost, when 

 they ought to be housed to protect them from 

 freezing. See Burbidge, The Chrysanthemum: its 

 History and Culture (1884). 



Chryselephantine (Gr., from chrysos, 'gold,' 



and elephas, 'ivory'), the art of making statues 

 jointly of gold and ivory, was extensively practised 

 amongst the Greeks. It developed out of the art 

 of wood-carving, the draperies of the wooden 

 figures being gilded for ornament, while the faces, 

 hands, &c., were painted white. Then the un- 

 covered parts of the body came to be made of 

 marble, producing Acroliths (q.v.) ; and ultimately 

 ivory was used, with gilding or gold-plating. 

 The' bulk of the figure continued to be made of 

 wood, or wood and clay ; thin gold plates were 

 fastened over the parts intended to represent cloth- 

 ing, while on the fleshy parts small plates of ivory 

 were skilfully laid. The colossal works executed 

 by Phidias in the time of Pericles are the most 

 famous of this class, the greatest being the Athene 

 on the Acropolis, which represented the goddess 

 in armour, covered with a long robe, and the 

 famous Olympian Zeus, executed in the same 

 materials (see COLOSSUS). The combination of 

 gold and ivory was chiefly used in statues of the 

 gods ; hence it was regarded as blameworthy arro- 



Yellow Chrysanthemum. 



