CHKYSIIMTS 



CHRYSOSTOM 



231 



gancc \\li.-n the Macedonian kings hail their family 

 M.iiucs made of chryselephantine work. See 

 Sri I. I'll UK. 



Mirvsippus, an iiH-iil Stoic philosopher, 



was IKM-II about '2SO B.C., at Soli in Cilicia. Hi- 

 came to Athens when still a youth, and d<-\otrd 

 him-. -If with urdum ti philosophy. Mis principal 

 master was Cleanthes, hut he is .-aid to him- 

 studied also under tin- academic teachers, An-'-i 

 laus and Lac\di->. ||.- hud the reputation of being 

 tli'- Uri-in'-t iiis]>utant and best logician of his age, 

 so iiiiu-h.MMli.il penple used to say : 'If the gods 

 make use of dialectic, it can only be that of Chi v 

 -i|'i>n-. ' Although he did not create a new system, 

 and explained the physical universe like the rest 

 of his school, in morals he modified the more ex- 

 tri-ine views of the earlier Stoics. Chrysippus 

 seldom wrote less than 500 lines a day, and is said 

 to have composed more than 700 works. Of the-e 

 but a few fragments remain, which were edited by 

 Petereen in 1827. See Zeller's great work on the 

 history of Greek philosophy. 



Chrysis ('golden-wasp'), a genus of hymenop- 

 terous insects, type of a family Chrysidw, with 

 about 400 species. Their systematic position is not 

 far from that of the true wasps. The French call 

 them G-ufpes dortes ( ' gilded wasps ' ), and they 

 sometimes receive the English names of Golden- 

 tailed and Ruby-tailed Hies. They delight in 

 sunshine, and may be seen poised in the air the 

 motion of their wings being so rapid as to render 

 the body alone of the insect visible. 



Clirysobalaneir, a sub-order of Rosaceae 

 <q.v. ), presenting close affinities through Cfes- 

 alpinefle to Leguminosfe. The 180 species are 

 trees or shrubs, natives of tropical and sub- 

 tropical America and Africa. The fruit of many 

 is eatable, as the Cocoa Plum (q.v.) of the West 

 Indies ( Chrysobalanus ). The Kernels of some 

 resemble sweet-almonds, notably those of Ada 

 dulcis, and other species of Guiana. A useful oil 

 is expressed from the seeds of Prinsepia utilis, a 

 spiny Himalayan plant. 



Chrysoberyl (Gr., 'golden beryl'), a gem 

 almost as hard as sapphire, and the finer specimens 

 of which are very beautiful, particularly those 

 which exhibit an opalescent play of light. Lapi- 

 daries sometimes call it oriental or opalescent 

 chrysolite. It is of a green colour, inclining to 

 yellow, semi-transparent, or almost transparent, 

 and has double refraction. It occurs crystallised 

 in six-sided prisms ; often in macles, or twin 

 crystals. It is found occasionally in granite, but 

 more frequently in gneiss and mica-schist ; some- 

 times it occurs in sandstone or in alluvial soil 

 derived from the disintegration of schistose rocks. 

 Localities for its occurrence are the Ural Moun- 

 tains, Ceylon, Pegu, Brazil, and Connecticut. It 

 is composed of alumina, glucina, and small pro- 

 portions of ferric oxide, titanic acid, and sesqni- 

 oxide of chromium the alumina being about 80 

 per cent, of the whole. The chrysoberyl of the 

 ancients was a different mineral, probably the 

 Chrysopvase (q.v.) of the moderns. 



CIll'J SOCOlIa, an ore of Copper (q.v.). 



Chrys'olite (Gr., 'golden-stone'), a mineral 

 <-om|x>sed of silica, magnesia, and protoxide of 

 iron ; of a fine yellowish-green colour, with vitre- 

 ous lustre ; transparent, and having double refrac- 

 tion ; in hardness, about equal to quart/ ; and 

 with conchoidal fracture. It often crystallises in 

 four-sided or six-sided prisms, variously modified. 

 Very fine specimens are brought from Egypt and 

 from some parts of the East, also from Brazil. 

 Chrysolite is used by jewellers as an ornamental 

 stone, but is not highly valued. Olivine, or com- 



mon chrysolite, ia an important rock-forming 

 miiifial. It is dark yellowish -green in colour, 

 and occurs generally in somewhat rounded grain* 

 or corroded crystals in Home igneous rocks, such 

 as the basalts. Occasionally large granular maaaes, 

 which may have a rectangular outline, are met 

 with in lavas some of them weighing as much as 

 30 Ib. 



Mirvsolo ras. MANUEL, the first to transplant 

 Greek literature into Italy, was born at Constan- 

 tinople in the middle of the 14th century A.D. 

 Almut the year 1391 he was sent by the Byzantine 

 emperor, John Pala-ologus, to England and Italy 

 to entreat assistance against the Turks, and in 

 1397 he left his native land and went to Florence, 

 where, as teacher of Greek literature, he was 

 highly esteemed and admired. Leonardo Bruno, 

 Poggius, Philelphus, Guarinus of Verona, and 

 other eminent scholars were among his pupils. He 

 was afterwards employed by Pope Gregory XII. in 

 an attempt to promote a union of the Greek with 

 the Roman Church, and in 1413 went with John 

 XXIII. to the Council of Constance, where he died 

 1415. His chief work was Erotemata, a Greek 

 grammar (Venice, 1484). Manuel Chrysoloras 

 must be distinguished from his nephew, JOHN 

 CHRYSOLORAS, who also taught Greek in Italy. 



Chrysomela. See COLORADO BEETLE. 



Chrysopliane, a medicament valued in the 

 treatment of Psoriasis (q.v.), is derived from 

 rhubarb and andira, with other herbs. 



Chrysophyllum. See STAR APPLE, SAPO- 



TACE.E. 



ChrysopraSC is a valuable variety of chalce- 

 dony, prized more highly as a precious stone on the 

 Continent than in this country. It is of a tine 

 leek or apple-green colour in choice specimens, but 

 inferior ones exhibit other shades of green, and it is 

 sometimes spotted with yellowish-brown. It is often 

 set in a circlet of diamonds or pearls. Unfortu- 

 nately, it is apt to lose its colour through time, 

 particularly if Kept in a warm place. 



Mi r> sops. See CLEG. 



Chrys'ostom, ST JOHN (Gr. Chrysostdmos, 

 ' golden-mouthed ; ' so named from the splendour of 

 his eloquence), was born at Antioch about 347 A.D. 

 His mother, Anthusa, was a pious woman, wholly 

 devoted to her son, who grew up under her loving 

 instructions into an earnest, gentle, and serious 

 youth, passing through, as Neander significantly 

 olraerves, none of those wild, dark struggles with 

 sinful passions which left an ineffaceable impress 

 on the soul of Augustine, and gave a sombre colour- 

 ing to his whole theology. He studied oratory 

 under the famous heathen rhetorician, Libanius, 

 and l>egan the career of an advocate : but, soon 

 dissatisfied with this, he placed himself for three 

 years under the instruction of Bishop Meletius, by 

 Whom in his twenty -third year he was baptised 

 and ordained an anagnostes or 'Reader.' After 

 six years spent as a monk in the mountains near 

 Antioch, an illness forced him to return in 380 to 

 that city, where he was ordained deacon by Bishop 

 Meletius in 381, and presbyter by Bishop Flavianus 

 in 386. The eloquence, earnestness, and practical 

 tone of his preaching excited the attention of Jews, 

 heathens, and heretics, and secured for him the 

 reputation of the greatest orator of the ancient 

 church. In 398 the Emperor Arcadius elevated 

 him to the archiepiscopate of Constantinople. 

 Chrysostom immediately began to restrict the 

 expenditure in which his predecessors had indulged, 

 and 1 1. -stowed so large a portion of his revenues on 

 hospitals and other charities that he gained the 

 surname of 'John the Almoner.' He also en- 

 deavoured to reform the lives of the clergy, and 



