232 



CHRYSOSTOM 



CHUBB 



sent monks as missionaries into Scythia, Persia, 

 Palestine, and other lands. His faithful discharge 

 of his duties, especially in reproof of vices, excited 

 the enmity of the patriarch Theophilus and of 

 the Empress Eudoxia, who succeeded in deposing 

 and banishing him from the capital in 403. He 

 was soon recalled, to be banished again in 404. 

 After a short stay at Nicsea, he was removed to 

 the little town or Cucusus, in the desert parts of 

 the Taurus Mountains. Even here his zeal was 

 not abated. He laboured for the conversion of the 

 Persians and Goths in the neighbourhood, and 

 wrote the seventeen letters or rather moral essays 

 to Olympias, to whom he also addressed a treatise 

 on the proposition ' None can hurt the man who 

 will not hurt himself.' The intercession of Inno- 

 cent I. of Rome and the Emperor Honorius only 

 moved Arcadius to order that he should be more 

 remotely banished to Pityus on the Euxine, at the 

 very verge of the Eastern Roman empire. Accord- 

 ingly, the old man was made to travel on foot, and 

 with his bare head exposed to a burning sun. This 

 cruelty proved fatal. Chrysostom died on the way 

 at Comana, in Pontus, September 14, 407 A.D., 

 blessing God with his dying lips. A sect sprang 

 up after his death called Johannists, who refused 

 to acknowledge his successors ; nor did they return 

 to the general communion till 438, when the Arch- 

 bishop Proclus prevailed on the Emperor Theo- 

 dosius II. to bring back the body of the saint to 

 Constantinople, where it was solemnly interred, 

 the emperor himself publicly imploring the pardon 

 of Heaven for the crime of his parents, Arcadius 

 and Eudoxia. The Greek Church celebrates the 

 festival of Chrysostom on the 13th of November ; 

 the Roman, on the 27th of January. St Chry- 

 sostom's works are very numerous, and consist of 

 Homilies on parts of Scripture and points of doctrine ; 

 Commentaries on the whole Bible, part of which 

 have perished ; Epistles addressed to various 

 people ; Treatises on different subjects, such as 

 Providence, the Priesthood, and the like ; and 

 Liturgies. Of these the most valuable, as well as 

 the most studied, are the Homilies, which are 

 rightly held to be superior to everything of the 

 kind in ancient Christian literature. Thomas 

 Aquinas said he would not give in exchange those 

 on St Matthew for the whole city of Paris. Here 

 his exegesis is sound, practical, and very ' English,' 

 in Cardinal Newman's phrase. In general he 

 rejects the allegorical system of interpretation, and 

 adheres to the grammatical, basing his doctrines 

 and sentiments on a rational apprehension of the 

 letter of Scripture. He is, however, far from being 

 a bibliolater. He recognised the presence of a 

 human element in the Bible as well as a divine ; 

 and, instead of attempting by forced and artificial 

 hypotheses to reconcile what he thought irreconcil- 

 able in Scripture statements, he frankly admitted 

 the existence of contradictions, and shaped his 

 theory of inspiration accordingly. But his greatest 

 excellence lay in that power, springing from the 

 fervour and holiness or his heart, by which the 

 consciences of the proud, the worldly, and the 

 profligate were awakened, and all were made to 

 reel the reality of the gospel message. The histo- 

 rian Sozomen says of him, that he was ' mighty 

 to speak and to convince, surpassing all the orators 

 of his time.' The surname Chrysostom was first 

 applied some time after his death, and is first found 

 in Isidore of Seville, who died in 636. 



The best edition of St Chrysostom 's works is that 

 of Bernard de Montfaucon in 13 vols. folio ( Paris, 

 1718-38 ; reprinted by the Abbe Migne, Paris, 1863 ), 

 which was largely based on the splendid edition of 

 Sir Henry Savile, printed at a cost of 8000 (Eton, 

 8 vols. 1613), 'the first work of learning on a great- 

 scale/ says Hal lam, ' published in England.' Some 



of the Homilies are translated in the Oxford 

 Library of the Fathers. 



See the older church historians ; and cf. the moderns, 

 especially Neander, both in his History and in his special 

 book on St Chrysostom, translated by J. C. Stapleton 

 (1838). See also Thierry, Chrysostom et V Impe'ratrice 

 Eudoxie (2d ed. Paris, 1874) ; Newman's Historical 

 Sketches (1873) ; W. R W. Stephens, St Chrysostom : His 

 Life and Times (1872) ; R. W. Busk, Life and Times of 

 Chrysostom (1885) ; and F. H. Chase, Chrysostom (1887). 



Chrysotype, a photographic process, the result 

 being produced mainly by a solution of chloride of 

 gold. See PHOTOGRAPHY. 



Chllb (Lenciscus cephalus), a fish of the carp 

 family Cyprinidse, of the same genus with the 

 roach, dace, bleak, minnow, &c. The colour is 

 bluish-black on the upper parts, passing into white 

 on the belly ; the cheeks and gill-covers rich golden 

 yellow. The weight rarely exceeds 5 Ib. It is 

 plentiful in the rivers of England, and occurs in 

 some of those of the south-west of Scotland, in 

 Europe, and in Asia Minor. It spawns in April 



Chub. 



and May, and comes into condition again by the 

 end of June or early in July. It prefers rapid 

 water and a clear bottom, and often hides in holes. 

 Its diet is very mixed. It is not much esteemed 

 for the table. The scales have been used for 

 making false pearls. See PEARL. The common 

 American chub is the Leucosomus rhotheus. 



Chubb, CHARLES, locksmith, was patentee of 

 several important improvements in 'detector' locks, 

 originally patented by his brother, Jeremiah Chubb 

 of Portsea, in 1818. He was in the hardware busi- 

 ness at Winchester and Portsea previous to his 

 settlement in London, where he died, 16th May 

 1845. Under his son and successor, John Chubb' 

 (1816-72), further patents were taken out and 

 improvements made in locks and safes, and the 

 business was greatly developed. See LOCK. 



Chubb, THOMAS, an English deist, who wrote 

 on religious questions during the first half of the 

 18th century, was born at East-Harnham near Salis- 

 bury in 1679. His father, who had been a maltster, 

 died early, consequently his children were poorly 

 educated and early set to work. Thomas was first 

 apprenticed to a glover in Salisbury, but his eye- 

 sight becoming weak, he became an assistant to a 

 tallow-chandler, in which employment he died in 

 1747. He had already contrived to pick up con- 

 siderable learning, when a perusal of the ' his- 

 torical preface' to Whiston's Primitive Christianity 

 Revived impelled him to write his own tract, The 

 Supremacy of the Father Asserted, which Winston 

 helped him to publish in 1715. Encouraged by the 

 patronage of Sir Joseph Jekyll and others, he con- 

 tinued to write, and a quarto volume of his tracts, 

 nMished in 1730, made his name known to every- 

 y. His opinions drifted nearer and nearer to- 

 deism, yet he went regularly to his parish church 

 and regarded the mission, if not the person, of 

 Christ as divine. Unfortunately his learning was 

 far inferior to his natural ability, and his teaching 

 lacks distinctness and consistency. His principal 

 works are A Discourse concerning Reason ... a 

 sufficient Guide in matters of Religion (1731) ; The 

 True Gospel of Jesus Christ Asserted (1738), fol- 

 lowed by a defence against the critics ; An Enquiry- 

 into the Ground and Foundation of Religion, where- 



