CHUBUT 



n it is ahoum that Religion is founded on Nature 

 9); ami u IHm-nurtc on Miracles (1741). The 

 best statement of his views is contained in his 

 Posthumous HWvt(2 vols. 1748). 



< Illlhlll. >r Cilfi-AT, a colon v in Patagonia, 

 xi named from a river which drains a large part 

 ot it- ap-a. The entrance to the river, about 600 

 mile> S. of the river 1'late, is bail, but the bar 

 can lie crossed by ve~-eU <>i from 7 to 12 feet 

 draught. Its ]irinci|ial interest lies in its Welsh 

 settlement, which has remained almost wholly 

 Welsh-speaking. The first settlers, 151, arrived 

 in July 1805. pochs in its history have been the 

 Abandonment of the colony in 1867; the subse- 

 quent return from New Bay ; a twenty months' 

 nearly complete isolation from the outer world, ter- 

 minated in 1871. The population, after dwindling 

 to l-.ii), rose to 690 in 1876, and 1286 in 1883. The 

 principal town, Trerawson, or Rawsonville, about 

 5 miles from the sea, is named after Dr Kawson, an 

 Argentine statesman. Frosts seldom last through 

 the day, fogs are infrequent, English grain and 

 roots are produced, and salt of good quality is 

 found. There are a president and council. A 

 railway, 43 miles, was made in 1885-88 from Trelew 

 to Port Madryn on Nuevo Bay. 



Chuck-Will's-widow. See WHIP-POOR- 

 WILL. 



Climlleigh, CAPE, is on the north coast of 

 Labrador, at the entrance of Hudson Strait, 60 

 12' N. lat., 65 25' W. long. 



< limiiltiil . a river of Central India, rising in 

 the Vindhyan Mountains, at a height of 2019 feet 

 above the sea, and entering the Jumna, after a 

 generally north-east course of 650 miles. 



4 h imam, the Indian name for a very fine kind 

 of quicklime made from calcined shells or from very 

 pure limestone, and used for chewing with Betel 

 ( q. v. ), and for plaster. When chunam is to be used 

 for plaster, it is mixed with fine river-sand, and 

 thoroughly beaten up with water. A little jaggery 

 (coarse sugar) is also added. 



4'liimnr'. a town of India, on the right bank of 

 the Ganges, 26 miles SW. of Benares. The fortress 

 contains Warren Hastings's house. Pop. 9148. 



Chunder Sen. See BRAHMO SOMAJ. 



Cllllllg-killg, a Chinese port in Sze-chuen, on 

 the Yang-tsze, opened in 1890. Pop. 109,000. 



4 'li u pra (Chapra'), a town of Bengal, on the 

 Gogra, a mile from the Ganges. Pop. ( 1891 ) 57,352. 



Cltiiqiiisa Va. or SUCRE, capital of Bolivia, is 

 situated on a mountain-closed tableland, 8825 feet 

 above the sea, on a small tributary of the Pilco- 

 mayo. It is the seat of an archbishop, and though 

 its houses are mostly of one story, is well built, 

 and has a magnificent cathedral, a small university, 

 a Latin school, and a hospital. Owing to its mild 

 climate, many of the richer miners of Potosi winter 

 here. The 27,000 inhabitants are mostly a mixture 

 of Spaniards and Quichua Indians. Chuquisaca was 

 founded in 1539 on the site of an ancient Peruvian 

 town of the same name, and was for a time called 

 < 'indad de la Plata, from the rich silver-mines in 

 the neighbouring mountains ; but the Peruvian 

 name signifying ' bridge of gold ' was soon re- 

 stored. The second name, Sucre, is derived from 

 the general who in December 1824 fought and 

 won the last great battle for colonial independence 

 at Ayacucho. The southern territory of the same 

 name embraces a large portion of the Gran Chaco, 

 which extends to the Brazilian frontier. The 

 eastern portion of it is occupied by wild Indian 

 tribes, and is low-lying ana unwholesome ; the 

 climate of the west, among the offshoots of the 

 Eastern Cordilleras, is healthy and pleasant. 

 Area, 40,000 sq. m. ; population (1900) 290,000, 



CHURCH 



233 



not inclusive of some 50,000 Indians in the eastern 

 plains. 



ChUQUitO, a town of Peru, once capital of a 

 province, on the west shore of Lake Titicaca. 



Pop. f)000. 



4'liur. See COIRE. 



Church* the whole body of Christians ; the 

 Christian place of worship ; the clergy ; or a sect or 

 denomination of Christians. It is derived from the 

 Greek kyriakon, ' belonging to the Lord,' and that 

 from kyrios, ' lord ; ' the Anglo-Saxon fonn w circe, 

 the Scottish kirk, the German kirche. The kyriakon , 

 the original name of the place of assembly, meant 

 accordingly 'the Lord's house.' The Christian 

 church, like every other society, must have a 

 certain constitution and rules according to which it* 

 all'airs are administered. It i* disputed, however, 

 among Christians, how far this constitution ha 

 been defined, or these rules prescribed bv divine 

 authority, and how far they have been left to the 

 discretion of men. The form of church government 

 depends primarily on the idea entertained of the 

 constitution of the church. Episcopalians and 

 Presbyterians agree that many congregations are 

 to be united under a common government ; but 

 this, according to Episcopalians, should be more or 

 less absolutely in the hands of bishops, who are 

 superior to the mere pastors of congregations ; 

 while according to Presbyterians it should be 

 carried on by ministers and elders of these congre- 

 gations meeting for this purpose on a footing of 

 equality. Congregationalists, or Independents, 

 place all church government in the hands of the 

 members of each congregation and the office- 

 bearers whom it has elected. This theory of 

 church government is maintained by many Baptists 

 and others who, for various reasons, assume differ- 

 ent denominations. See BISHOP, PRESBYTERIAN- 

 ISM, INDEPENDENTS, METHODISTS. 



The present article is mainly devoted to church 

 architecture. A general sketch of the history of 

 the Christian Church will be found in this work 

 under the head of CHURCH HISTORY, while the 

 various sections forming the great Christian com- 

 munions are treated in separate Articles the Church 

 of England at ENGLAND, as is that of Scotland at 

 SCOTLAND ; again the Church of Rome will be 

 found at ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH, and the 

 Eastern Church at GREEK. CHURCH. Here we may 

 merely note the self-explanatory names of the 

 following active organisations within the bosom 

 of the Anglican Church : the Church Associa- 

 tion (founded 1865 for the maintenance of Reforma- 

 tion principles); Church Congresses (annual since 

 1860); Church Building Society (1818); Church 

 Defence Institution (1886, to counteract the agita- 

 tion for disestablishment); Church Missionary 

 Society (founded 1799; see MISSIONS); Church 

 Pastoral Aid Society ( 1836, to maintain curates and 

 lay agents in densely populated districts ) ; the 

 English Church Union (1859, to uphold Anglo- 

 Catliolic principles). 



Under BASILICA some account is given of the 

 mode in which the primitive form of the Chris- 

 tian church or place of assembly originated, and 

 whence it derived its characteristic features. In 

 course of time the numbers of the clergy increased, 

 and a complete hierarchy, with a fixed liturgical 

 service, became established. The simple apse was 

 now no longer sufficient, and the presbytery or 

 place for the clergy was enlarged. This was effected 

 in various ways, sometimes bv the erection of a 

 low inclosure or choir extending from the pres- 

 bytery or raised part in front of the apse, into the 

 nave. This ' bema ' or choir served for the accom- 

 modation of the clergy and singers, and to it were 

 attached on either side two pulpits or 



