CHURCH 



CHURCH DISCIPLINE 



230 



BARD All( IUTKCTURK, RENAISSANCE, RHENISH 



\i:< ill i i.i ii 1:1.. A.-., where much additional infor- 

 mation on the developments of duircli building falls 

 to be given. For the historical succession of the 



Bishop Andrewes, and on the Oxford movement 

 (1891) are also very valuable. HIM Bacon, SJM-H-I-I, 

 St Ansehu, Dante, and some of IIIH essays were re- 

 printed in 1888 (5 vols. ). His Village Smmm* were 

 published in 1892. He .lit-. I 9th 

 December 1890. See Life, and Let- 

 ters, edited by his daughter < 1894). 

 He was a nephew of SIK 

 RICHARD CHURCH (17K5-1S73), 

 born at Cork of Quaker jtarentwge, 

 \vlio had become C. 15. (IKl/i) and 

 K.C.H. (1815), and had been in 

 the Neapolitan service, when in 

 1827 he became genera) innimo to 

 the insurgent Greeks. He died at 

 Athens. See Lives by Lane-Poole 

 (1890) and . M. Church (1895). 



Church, STATES OF THK, or 

 PAPAL STATES, stretched from 

 the Po to near Naples, and in 1859 

 bad an area of 15,774 sq. in. and a 



pop. of 3,000,000. 

 for administrative 



Ground-plan of Durham Cathedral. 



styles, see ARCHITECTURE ; see also the articles 

 and illustrations at AMIENS, ANTWERP, BOSTON, 

 BURGOS, CANTERBURY, COLOGNE, DURHAM, EXE- 

 TER, LINCOLN, Moscow, PETERBOROUGH, SALIS- 

 BURY, ULM, WESTMINSTER, YORK, &c. 



Church, RICHARD WILLIAM, Dean of St Paul's 

 from 1871, was born at Lisbon, 25th April 1815. He 

 took a first-class at Oxford in 1836, and soon after 

 was elected to a fellowship at Oriel. From 1853 he 

 held the rectory of Whatley, near Frome. In 1854 

 he published his scholarly Essays and Reviews. 

 His university sermons (1876-78') in a volume 

 entitled Human Life and its Conditions ( 1878), the 

 series of St Paul s and Oxford sermons in The 

 Gifts of Civilisation (1880), and the five St Paul's 

 sermons forming The Discipline of the Christian 

 Character (1885), are profound contributions to 

 religious thought. Other works are his Life of St 

 Anselm (1871), an amplification of two essays in 

 bis first volume ; The Beginnings of the Middle Ages 

 ( 1877 ), an introduction to the series of ' Epochs of 

 Modern History;' Dante: <an Essay, with a tran^l.t 

 tion of the De Monarchia by his only son, F. J. 

 Church, a young man of rare promise, who died in 

 1888 ; Spenser ( 1879), and Bacon, ( 1884), two of the 

 best IK>OKS in the series of ' English Men of Letters.' 

 His occasional essays or lectures on such subjects 

 as Montaigne, Brittany, Cassiodorus, the sacred 

 poetry of early religions, the Pensces of Pascal and 



It was divided 

 purposes into 



twenty districts, including the 

 Comarca of Rome ; six legations, 

 among them those of Bologna 

 and Ravenna ; and thirteen dele- 

 gations, including Ancona and 

 Perugia. More general divisions 

 were the Romagna, Umbria, and 

 the March of Ancona. The war 

 of 1859 and the popular vote of 

 1860 left the pope only the Co- 

 marca of Rome, the legation of 

 Velletri, and the delegations of 

 Civita Vecchia, Frosinone, and 

 Viterbo, 4493 so. m. in extent, 

 with a pop. of about 700,000, the 

 rest being united with Italy. The 

 temporal power of the popes origi- 

 nated in a gift of the exarchate of 

 Ravenna by Pepin to Pope Stephen 

 II., and it reached its great t-t 

 extent under Innocent III. (1198- 

 1216). The withdrawal of the 

 French garrison of Rome in 1870 

 led to the final downfall of the 

 pope's temporal power. See POPE, 

 ITALY. 



Clllircll-ale, a kind of church festival in old 

 England at which ale was drunk liberally. The 

 name is obviously compounded like bridal = bride- 

 ale, scot-ale, cleric-ale, oid-ale, &c. The church-ales 

 were usually held upon Whitsuntide, and two per- 

 sons were chosen beforehand to preside over the 

 feast, and divide out the victuals and drink volun- 

 tarily contributed by the parishioners. Sometimes 

 the drink which had been brewed from malt given 

 by the parishioners was sold about Whitsunday at 

 the church for the support of orphans and poor, the 

 repair of the church, and similar objects. The 

 practice of holding church-ales with the correspond- 

 ing games was denounced by the Puritans, and is 

 not overlooked in Stubbs' Anatomic of Abuses. 



Church Discipline (Disciplina ecclesiaatica), 

 the practice of the Christian Church in dealing with 

 such of its office-l>ejirer8 and members as have by 

 public scandal caused hindrance to its common 

 spiritual life. Its Scripture authority, resting on 

 such passages as Matt. xvi. 19; xviii. 15 (et stq.), 

 is further enforced in Paul's epistles and in the 

 gospel and epistles of John. Under the Decian 

 persecution there was so much apostacy that special 

 rules became fixed for the restoration of the Lapsed 

 (q.v. ), which remained in force till the 5th century. 

 But the great strictness with which Penance (q.v.) 

 was enforced led to the opposite extreme ; ii 

 became customary for penitents to be restored 



