(Hl'KCH HISTORY 



CHURCHILL 



243 



by Sarpi mill Pallavicino. Church history was 

 afterwards cultivated in the Roman Catholic Church 

 Hiielly by the Benedictines of M Maur and the 

 ( iratorian* in Kranre. Alexander Natalia, Fleury, 

 Boaauet, and the .Jansenist Tillemont, were the 

 nnt celebrated writers. Protestant hiHtoriaiis had 

 been for nearly a century employed in polemical 

 writing, and toe compilation of dry summaries of 

 vents and dates, \vln-n (Jeorg Calixtus pave a new 

 impulse to the study by a series of di eriations 

 urging the value or unprejudiced investigation. 

 Tin- mystic Gottfried Arnold maintained the right 

 of heretics against the Church in his 'Impartial' 

 History (K)!i!t), and was answered by Weismann, 

 (Jrurge and Franz Walch, and S. J. Baumgarten. 

 Fniin the 16th century down to the 18th the Church 

 tit Kngland was ably vindicated in the light of 

 history by Jewel, Hooker, Pearson, Beveridge, 

 Cave, ami Bingham. Strype's Annals and Ecclesi- 

 astical Memorials, and Neal's History of the 

 J'lirititnji, are the authorities for the Reforma- 

 tion and the Puritan movement in England. 

 Of the other English writers of church history 

 down to the present century, the chief names are 

 those of the martyrologist Foxe and Archbishop 

 Parker in the 16th century; Usher, Fuller, Dugdale, 

 and Burnet in the 17th ; and Jeremy Collier, 

 Echard, Calamy, Bower, Lardner, and Milner in 

 the 18th. Knox's History (1586) is the authority 

 for the Reformation in Scotland. Scottish church 

 history was written in the 17th century by Row, 

 Spottiswood, and Galderwood ; and in the 18th by 

 Defoe and Wodrow. Mosheim was the first to 

 establish the study of ecclesiastical history on a 

 scientific basis, and the sceptical Semler, though, 

 according to Hase, 'without all style and feeling 

 for the peculiar conditions of antiquity,' founded 

 the criticism of the sources. The huge work of 

 Schrockh, in 35 vols. , begins the so-called ' prag- 

 matical ' school of church historians, which laboured 

 to collect external facts and relate them to their 

 causes, and was also represented by Spittler, the 

 elder Henke, Stiiudlin, and Planck. In the early 

 part of the 19th century, Ernst Christian Schmidt, 

 in 6 vols., presented an impartial statement of 

 facts. Gieseler produced a masterpiece of scientific 

 investigation, with the most valuable extracts from 

 the sources accompanying the text, a method which 

 had been previously employed by Danz, and was 

 also cultivated by Meaner. In modern Protes- 

 tant church history the greatest work is that of 

 Neander, which, in contrast with the pragmatical 

 histories, dwells mainly on the inner development 

 of the Church in doctrine, worship, and religious 

 life. He has leen followed by Jacobi and Hagen- 

 bach. Among academic treatises on church nis- 

 tory the most notable are those of Guericke, H. 

 Schmid, Lindner, and Kurtz, all from the Lutheran 

 point of view ; those of Herzog and Ebrard in the 

 Reformed Church ; and the very able and interest- 

 ing lectures of Hase, Hasse, and Rothe. Recent 

 church history dates from F. C. Baur, who in 

 separate treatises covered the whole field. The 

 effect of his work on the first three centuries has 

 been to turn the attention of many writers for 

 more than a generation to the study of the early 

 church. The contention of Baur, and his disciple's 

 Srhweglerand Zeller, which represented the original 

 apostles of Christ as persistently struggling for 

 the perpetuity of ' Petnnism ' against Paulinism, 

 and interpreted the New Testament to prove this 

 theory, has been considerably discredited by the 

 investigations of Ritschl, Weisziicker, Lechler, 

 Harnack, Weiss, and De Pressense. 



In the Roman Catholic Church the study of 

 church history has been pursued with great energy. 

 The Acta Sanctorum of the Bollandists, begun in 

 the 17th century, have reached their 63d volume. 



Of the councils, the chief collection is that of 

 Mansi, in 31 vols., arid history that of Hefele in 7 

 vnl-. In the earlier part of the 19th century the chief 

 writers in Germany were Count Stolberg (whose 

 work in 15 vols., extending to 430 A.D.,has been 

 brought down to i:j(K) in other 17 vols. by Kerz), 

 Katercamp, and Miihler, who was the first of a new 

 school of thoroughly scientific historians, to which 

 Ritter, Locherer, Dollinger, Al/og, and Kraus 

 belong, while the works ot Cardinal Hergenrother 

 ami of Briick have a strong ultramontane bias. 



English writers on general church history are 

 still largely dependent on the lalxnirs of German 

 scholars. There is no English church history 

 worthy of a place Inside the works of Neander, 

 Gieseler, and Hagenbach. 



Of other 19th-century writers may be mentioned 

 Hinds, Burton, Kaye, T. Price, Marsden, Lathbury, 

 Hard wick, Maurice, Blunt, Milman, Hook, Newman, 

 Stanley, Creighton, Robertson, Wordsworth, Abbey 

 and Overton, Haddan and Stubbs, Perry, and 

 Stoughtonin England ; Cook,M'Crie, Hethenngton, 

 Welsh, Lee, Grub, Tulloch, Skene, and Cunningham 

 in Scotland ; Reeves and Killen in Ireland ; Schaff, 

 Allen, and Fisher in America ; Gfrorer, Kanke, 

 Heppe, Henke, Overbeck, Hausrath, Keim, Hiiusser, 

 Kannis, Schiirer, Lipsius, Hilgenfeld, and Langen 

 in Germany ; and Matter, Bungener, Capefigue, 

 De Montalembert, Aube, D'Aubigne, Renan, De 

 Broglie, Michaud, and Chastel in France. 



For the remarkable development of the literature 

 on the life of Christ during the last fifty years, see 

 the article on JESUS. 



See the extensive bibliography in Hagenbach's Encyclo- 

 padie ( llth ed. by Kautsch, 1884 ) ; also see Weingarten, 

 Zeittafeln und Ueberblicke der Kirchengeschichte (3d ed. 

 1888); F. C. Baur, Die Epochen der Kirchlichen Ot- 

 sckichtsschreibung (Tub. 1852); Ter Haar, De Historio- 

 graphie der Kerkgeschiedenis (Part I., from Eusebius to 

 Laurentius Valla ; Part II., from Flacius to Semler ; 

 Utrecht. 1870-71); Wattenbach, Deutschlands Oe- 

 schiclitsqueUen im MMelalter bis zur Mitte des 13. Jahr- 

 hunderts (4th ed. 2 vols. 1877); and Lorenz, Deutsch- 

 lands Geschichtsqucllen sett der Mitte des 13. Jahr- 

 hunderts (2d ed. 2 vols. 1876-77). The reader is also 

 referred to the various articles in this work on the sub- 

 jects mentioned in the preceding pages, and especially 

 to the following : 



Churchill, CHARLES, satirist, was born in 

 Westminster in 1731. After leaving Westminster 

 School, where he was contemporary with Colman, 

 Robert Lloyd, Cowper, and Warren Hastings, he 

 did not enter Oxford or Cambridge, leing appar- 

 ently disqualified by an imprudent Fleet marriage 

 at seventeen. In 1756 he was ordained priest, 

 'through need, not choice,' and at his father's death 

 in 1758 he was appointed to the curacy and lecture- 

 ship of St John s, Westminster, the poor emolu- 

 ments of which office he strove to eke out with 

 teaching. But he was hopelessly improvident and 

 already dissipated; accordingly, after a bankruptcy 

 of but five shillings in the pound and that paid 

 only by the aid of Roliert Lloyd's father a formal 

 separation from his wife, and a course of unclerical 

 indecorum and dissipation that called forth the 

 remonstrances of his dean and the protests of his 

 parishioners, he slipped his neck from the orders 

 which he wore so awkwardly, and cast himself 



