CHUTNEY 



CIBBEB 



247 



held till 1*11. I IK- dose of the war; ami in 1H<H> it 

 was again occupied l>y an English force. I'.. p. 

 30,000 to 40,000. The inu-t remarkable of the 

 Mil-rounding group is the sacred island of 1'u-tu, a 



mile I'), ot CllU-.-in, co\ered with Itlldilhist temple.-,. 



pagoda*, uiiil monasteries, ami inhuliited l>\ up 

 \\nril.-, ot a thonsaml monks. Tlie chief monastery 

 i.-, i >iic of the richest in Chinu. 



4'llllt !!>. an I'i.-i-t Indian eomlinient, very 

 largely used in India, and to a considerable extent 

 in F.I it.-iin. Indian chutney is a compound of man- 

 goes, chillies or Capsicum (q.v. ), ami lime-juice, 

 \\ith -ome portion of other native fruits, such as 

 tamarinds, A.C. , the flavour !>eing heightened hy 

 garlic. It is sometimes manufactured for sale in 

 Kn^litnd. Families occasionally make it for their 

 own use, and employ the following ingredients : 

 Chillies, 1 to 1 Ib. ; apples, 1 Ib. ; red tamarinds, 

 2 Ih. ; sugar-candy, 1 Ib. ; fresh ginger root, 1 Ib. ; 

 garlic, i to f Ib. ; sultana raisins, H Ib. ; fine salt, 

 1 Ib. ; distilled vinegar, 5 bottles. 



Chyle, CHYME. Food, having been partially 

 digested and absorbed in the stomach, is then passed 

 on into the small intestine. It is of a pulpy con- 

 sistency, and is termed chyme. Both digestion 

 and absorption continue in the small intestine 

 (see DIGESTION). Of the digested chyme a portion 

 finds its way directly into the blood-vessels of 

 the intestine. Nearly all the fat, however, passes 

 into a special system of Lymphatics ( q. v. ) termed 

 lacteals. These lacteal vessels lie in the walls 

 of the intestine, and, during the fasting condi- 

 tion, are filled with a watery-looking fluid called 

 lymph, which exudes from the neighbouring blood- 

 vessels. During absorption, however, the lacteals, 

 in addition, become filled with the absorbed fat 

 which is in a state of minute subdivision. This 

 gives the chyle, as it is now termed, a milky 

 appearance. The lacteals convey the chyle into a 

 large vessel, the thoracic duct, which finally con- 

 ducts it into the large veins at the root of the 

 neck, where it mixes with the blood. One may 

 observe the lacteals on opening the abdomen of 

 an animal killed some tew hours after a full 

 meal containing fat. When filled with chyle they 

 resemble white threads branching in the substance 

 of the mesentery a membrane stretching between 

 the intestine and the back of the abdomen. Micro- 

 scopically chyle consists of a fluid containing 

 minute fat-globules and a few corpuscles, similar 

 to white blood-corpuscles. Chyle is alkaline in 

 reaction, and coagulates when withdrawn from the 

 body. It may be looked upon as lymph plus the 

 fat which has l>een absorbed. It contains ( 1 ) Pro- 

 teids, such as serum-albumen, serum-globulin, and 

 fibrinogen. Fibrin is formed during the process of 

 coagulation. (2) Fats palmitin, stearin, olein, 

 and also cholesterin and lecithin. (3) Extractives, 

 notably urea and grape-sugar. (4) Salts, especi- 

 ally sodium-chloride. See LYMPH, NUTRITION, 

 DIGESTION. 



Cialdini, ENRICO, was born at Castelvetro, 

 Modena, August 10, 1811. Designed for the 

 medical profession, he studied at Parma, but by 

 his share in the abortive insurrection of 1831 was 

 forced to escape to France. He joined the foreign 

 legion raised by Dom Pedro against the Miguelisui, 

 but, in 1835 passing over to the Spanish service, 

 he fought against the Carlists, and was made 

 colonel. When Charles Albert headed the Italian 

 rising in 1848, he hurried to Italy ; in the struggle 

 which ensued he received a dangerous wound, and 

 fell into the hands of the Austrians. On his 

 release, he was employed by the Sardinian govern- 

 ment to reduce the volunteers to discipline, and 

 fought at the head of his new regiment in the 

 brief campaign of 1849. In the Crimea he com- 



a division of the Sardinian contingent; 

 mid on his return wo* appointed aide-de-camp 

 to the kin;:. He \v!us intrusted by Cavour with 

 the formation of the famous ('acoiatori delle 

 Alpi. In the war of 18."9 the victory at Palestro 

 was his chief exploit. In 1KIJO he defeated the 

 I'ap.-il army at Castelfidardo ; in 1861 Gaeta and 

 Messina yielded to him. Created Duke of Gaeta, 

 and for a few mouths governor of Naples, he had 

 to act against Garibaldi in the second Sicilian 

 expedition (1862). In 1864 he became a senator; 

 and in the war of 1866 he occupied Venice almost 

 without a blow. In 1876 he was sent as ambas- 

 sador to Paris, but he retired in 1881, and became 

 a general of the army. Died in 1892. 



Cibber* COLLEY, actor, manager, and dramatist, 

 was born in Southampton Street, Bloomsbury, 

 London, on 6th November 1671. He was the son 

 of Caius Gabriel Gibber, a sculptor of some note, 

 l)orn in Holstein in 1630, whose best-known work 

 is the basso-riltevo on the pedestal of the London 

 Monument. He was educated at the free school 

 of Grantham, in Lincolnshire; and in 1690 em- 

 braced t he profession of an actor, joining the 

 famous company of the Theatre Royal in Drury 

 Lane. At this theatre, on the fortunes of which 

 he exercised so important an influence, he re- 

 mained, with one or two short intervals, during 

 the whole of his theatrical career of forty -three 

 years. At first he made very slow progress, and 

 it was not till the secession from Drury Lane in 

 1695 of all the chief actors, that Gibber had an 

 opportunity of showing how good a comedian he 

 was. In January 1696 Gibber's first comedy, Love'* 

 Last Shift, was acted at Drury Lane, the author 

 playing Sir Novelty Fashion. By this produc- 

 tion his fame, both as dramatist and actor, was 

 securely fixed ; and he went on increasing in 

 reputation till, after the secession in 1709, he was 

 chosen one of the managing actors of the Hay- 

 market Theatre. In 1710 Gibber and his partners 

 were transferred to Drury Lane, in the direction of 

 which Steele was in 1714 associated with Gibber, 

 Wilks, Booth, and Doggett. Various changes 

 occurred in the personnel of the management, 

 which was finally broken up at the retirement of 

 Gibber in 1733. During their management the 

 associated actors wrought a vast improvement in 

 the condition of the stage. Plays became more 

 decent ; the dissipated loungers that were accus- 

 tomed to haunt the side scenes were denied 

 admittance, at the risk, as Gibber relates, of the 

 managers' lives ; the pecuniary affairs of the 

 theatre were managed with regularity ; and the 

 whole atmosphere of the theatre gained in respecta- 

 bility. As an author Gibber contributed largely to 

 the improvement in decency which followed Jeremy 

 Colliers famous philippic in 1698; and it must 

 always be rememtared to his credit, that in his 

 comedies he does not rely for his ludicrous effects 

 on the outraged husband who had almost invari- 

 ably lieen the butt of previous dramatists. His 

 greatest work, however, is his Apology for the Life 

 ~ T r Colley Gibber, Comedian (published in 1740; 



new ed. by R. W. Lowe, 1888), one of the most 

 interesting autobiographies in our language. On 

 the death of Eusden in 1730, Gibber, who was a 

 devoted partisan of the Protestant succession, was 

 appointed poet-laureate, in which office he wrote 

 odes which were justly the object of universal 

 ridicule. On this account, among others, he was 

 ferociously attacked by Pope, who, in revenge for 

 a damaging retaliatory pamphlet, elevated Gibber 

 to the throne of Dullness in the 1743 edition of 

 The Dunciad. The crime of dullness was, however, 

 the last that could be charged to Gibber, who was 

 vain, pert, a loose liver and a loose talker, but not 

 a dullard. Gibber died suddenly on llth December 



