248 



CIBOL 



CICERO 



1757. His wife was a Miss Shore, sister of the 

 ' Sergeant-trumpet ' of England. After their mar- 

 riage, about 1693, she went on the stage, but did 

 not attain to any great eminence. 



Cibol. See ONION. 



Ciborium. See PYX. 



Cibrario, LuiGl, an Italian historian and 



S)litician, was born at Turin, 23d February 1802. 

 e studied law, entered the service of the state, 

 and soon distinguished himself by his historical 

 investigations. In 1848, when Italy rose against 

 the Austrians, Charles Albert appointed him com- 

 missioner at Venice and a senator of Sardinia. 

 In 1839 he published his Delia Economia Politica 

 del Media Evu ; in 1840, his Storia della Monarchia 

 di Savoia ; and in 1847, his Storia di Torino. In 

 1852 he was made Minister of Public Instruction, 

 and ultimately, in 1855, Minister of Foreign 

 Affairs. He published numerous other works on 

 history, numismatics, and miscellaneous subjects. 

 He died 1st October 1870. See the Life by Odovici 

 (1873). 



Cicada, a large genus of hemipterous insects, 

 typical of the sub-order Homoptera, with uniform 

 wings. They are well known for the noise made 

 by the males, and for the 

 'Manna' (q.v.) or sap which 

 their incisions cause to exude 

 from trees. Specially abund- 

 ant in warm countries, some 

 eighteen species of cicada 

 occur in the vine-bearing 

 regions of Europe. When 

 they do occur, their presence 

 is not kept secret, for in the 

 warm sunshine the males keep 

 up a continuous and very 

 loud, doubtless amatory, chirp- 

 ing. Their shrill ' song ' has 

 been echoed by poets from 

 Anacreon to Byron, but seems 

 to have sounded more sAveetly 

 in the ears of the ancients. 

 Yet some people are so fond of the chirping that 

 they keep the cicadas in little cages. Some large 

 South American species are said to chirp ' loud 

 enough to be heard at the distance of a mile. ' The 

 noise is caused by the vibrations of membranes at 

 the openings of two respiratory tubes ( trache.e ) on 

 the last joint of the thorax, and the volume of 

 sound is increased by two complex resonating 

 cavities a little farther back. The apparatus is 

 rudimentary in the females ; which in this case at 

 least cannot be blamed for noise. The commonest 

 South European species is Cicada orni, feeding 

 especially on ash-trees. C. plebeya is a somewhat 

 larger form. C. mannifera causes abundant 

 ' manna ' in Brazil. C. septemdecim is the North 

 American 'seventeen years' locust,' or harvest-fly, 

 said to occur in special abundance every seventeen 

 years ; though they probably appear in some part 

 of the country every year. The males of the species 

 perform the act of reproduction and soon die, prob- 

 ably taking no nourishment in the perfect state. 

 The females deposit about 500 eggs in the twigs of 

 trees, and die immediately after. The larvae drop 

 and bore their way into the ground, where they are. 

 supposed to remain for seventeen years, sucking 

 the juices of the roots of trees and plants. There 

 is also a thirteen years' variety or orood. When 

 the pupae emerge, the ground sometimes seems 

 honeycombed by their numbers. The larvae are 

 devoured in great quantities by birds, frogs, and 

 swine. The damage done by the larvae in their 

 long underground career is nothing as compared 

 with that inflicted on the foliage by the perfect 

 insect ( female ) during its short life. See Bulletin 



Cicada. 



No. 8 (1885) of the United States Department of 

 Agriculture. C. hcematodes, a small species, is re- 

 corded from the New Forest in Hampshire. The 

 family to which the cicadas belong is often known 

 as that of the stridulant insects, and includes 

 about five hundred species. An even larger closely 

 allied family is that of the Cicadellidse, including 

 the common Froth-fly (q.v.). The name Cicada 

 has sometimes been applied to another hemipterous 

 insect, a common bug named Halticus pallicornis 

 or C. aptera of Linnaeus. It need hardly be said 

 that the cicadas are not crickets, or locusts, or 

 grasshoppers. See LOCUST. 



Cicatrisation (Lat. cicatrix, 'a scar'), the 

 process of healing or skinning over of an ulcer or 

 broken surface in the skin or in a mucous mem- 

 brane, by which a fibrous material of a dense resist- 

 ing character, covered by a protecting layer of 

 epithelium, is substituted for the lost texture. The 

 new tissue in such a case is called the cicatrix, 

 and usually resembles to a considerable extent the 

 structure which it replaces ; it is, however, less 

 elastic, and from its shrinking in volume may pro- 

 duce an appearance of puckering. This shrinking 

 sometimes leads to serious results, especially after 

 extensive Burns (q.v.). The glands and other 

 special structures or the original tissue are wanting 

 in the cicatrix, which, however, performs perfectly 

 Avell, in most instances, the office of protection to 

 the parts below the surface. See INFLAMMATION 

 and (under Ulcers) ULCERATION. 



Cicely (Myrrhis). See under CHERVIL. 



Cicer. See CHICK PEA. 



Cicero, MARCUS TULLIUS, 106-43 B.C., the 

 foremost orator of ancient Rome, one of her leading 

 statesmen, and the most brilliant and accomplished 

 of her men of letters, lived in those stirring later 

 days of the Roman republic, that age of revolution 

 and civil wars, in which an old and decaying order 

 of things was passing away. It was the age of 

 great and daring spirits, of Catiline, Ceesar, 

 Pompey, Antony, with whose history Cicero's 

 life is closely intertwined. Born 106 B.C. at an 

 old Italian town, Arpinum in Latium, of a good 

 family, and inheriting from his father, who was a 

 man of considerable culture, a moderate estate, he 

 went as a boy to Rome, and there, under the best 

 teachers and professors, he learned law and oratory, 

 Greek philosophy, and Greek literature, acquiring 

 in fact the universal knowledge which he himself 

 says in his essay 'on the orator' (De Oratore) an 

 orator ought to possess. An orator in the ancient 

 world, we should bear in mind, was first and chiefly 

 a pleader of causes, causes both legal and political 

 a speaker alike, as we should say, at the bar and 

 in parliament. Hence the necessity for knowledge 

 and information of every kind. Cicero's first 

 important speech, in his twenty-sixth year, was 

 the successful defence in a criminal trial of a client 

 against one of the favourites of the all-powerful 

 Sulla, then dictator. After a visit to Athens, and 

 a tour in Asia Minor, where he profited by the 

 society of eminent professors of rhetoric and men of 

 letters, he returned to Rome, and at thirty years 

 of age he was in the highest repute at the Roman 

 bar. 



In 76 B.C., having been elected quaestor (a finan- 

 cial-secretary, as we may say ) by a unanimous popu- 

 lar vote, he held an appointment in Sicily, where 

 he won the good opinion of two highly important 

 interests, apt at times to conflict, the traders and 

 the revenue collectors. To this he owed the glory 

 of his successful impeachment of the infamous 

 Verres in 70 B.C., which he undertook at the 

 request of the Sicilian provincials. The bad man 

 who had so hideously misgoverned them felt himself 

 crushed by Cicero's ooening speech, and went into 



