254 



CINCHONA 



CINCINNATI 



the Jesuits, by whom it was lauded as an infallible 

 remedy, while by most of the orthodox physicians 

 it was coldly received, and by the Protestants 

 altogether repudiated. Falling thus into practical 

 disuse in Europe, it was again brought into notice 

 by Robert Talbor or Talbot, an English apothecary, 

 who acquired great celebrity through the cure of 

 intermittents by its use. In 1678 he was appointed 

 physician in ordinary and knighted by Charles II., 

 whom he next year cured of a tertian fever. In 

 1679 he similarly cured the Dauphin and other 

 eminent personages on the Continent, and thus 

 induced Louis XIV. to purchase his secret. The 

 adoption of the drug was henceforth assured, de- 

 spite the exceeding jealousy of the profession in 

 England and France of both the success and fortune 

 of the irregular practitioner, who did not, however, 

 live much longer to enjoy his reward. The Parisian 

 faculty of medicine held out bravely, a corrobora- 

 tion, if any were needed, of Moliere's account of 

 them, but the example and authority of Morton 

 and Sydenham at length gained respectability to 

 the side of science. As it came into general use, it 

 became a most important article of export from 

 Peru ; and in order to the maintenance of a com- 

 mercial monopoly, although no attention was ever 

 paid to its culture, extraordinary methods were 

 employed to prevent it from becoming known at 

 a comparatively recent period of Spanish rule in 

 America. The discovery of the alkaloids on which 

 its properties chiefly depend constitutes a new era 

 in the history of this medicine, and did not take 

 place till the beginning of the present century. 



The account of these alkaloids and their physio- 

 logical and therapeutical action will be found 

 under Quinine (q.v.). An excellent outline of the 

 whole subject, with introduction to the literature of 

 quinology, is to be found in Fliickiger and Han- 

 bury's well-known Pharmacographia, and in most 

 manuals of pharmacology. In Markham's Peru- 

 vian Bark (1880) will be found almost all matters 

 of general interest ; and there is a Handbook of 

 Cinchona Culture, by Van Gorkhom (trans, by 

 Jackson, 1882). 



Cincinnati, the metropolis of Ohio and seat 

 of justice of Hamilton county, is situated on the 

 Ohio River, by rail 263 miles 

 SW. of Cleveland, 270 miles SE. 

 of Chicago, 553 miles W. of 

 Washington, D.C., and 757 W. by S. of New York. 

 Steam-ferries and lofty bridges connect the city with 

 the Kentucky shore. Cincinnati occupies an exceed- 

 ingly broken and irregular site, the more densely 

 built parts being inclosed between the river and 

 steep liills. This lower portion includes the princi- 

 pal ousiness streets, for the most part wide and 

 well finished ; but the lowest level is devoted largely 

 to warehouses and manufacturing establishments, 

 and at high stages of water is sometimes liable to 

 be flooded. A second terrace is 50 or 60 feet 

 higher, and is densely occupied. A district be- 

 tween the hills and the Miami Canal is known as 

 'over the Rhine,' and is appropriated to the large 

 German colony. But the most interesting portions 

 of the city are the suburbs, which are singularly 

 beautiful. They are built on a succession of irregular 

 hills, by whose steepness the beautiful suburban 

 district has been broken into a succession of com- 

 paratively isolated villages, interspersed with parks 

 (of which Eden Park, of 206 acres, is the largest), 

 and approached at various points by noble winding 

 avenues. The principal way of access, however, 

 is by inclined steam-railways and horse-cars, or 

 in one instance, by wagon and passenger ele- 

 vators. This suburban region, and in fact a con- 

 siderable part of the south-western angle of the 

 state, is of that geological epoch in which the 

 highly characteristic rocks of the so-called ' Cincin- 



Copyright 1889, 1897, and 

 1900 in the U. S. by J. B. 

 Lippincott Company. 



nati group ' were deposited. They are richly fossil- 

 iferous, and are the highest beds of what are known 

 as the Lower Silurian rocks, corresponding nearly 

 with the Upper Caradoc beds of British geologists. 

 There are more than twenty-five such suburbs, 

 most of them within the city limits ; Clifton and 

 Walnut Hills, the latter looking out over Kentucky, 

 are especially striking, and Spring Grove has a fine 

 cemetery of some 600 acres. 



The city has an area of 24 sq. m. , is well built and 

 Well drained, and the water-supply from the Ohio 

 is ample. Among the principal public buildings are 

 the post-office, an imposing structure ; a massive 

 and very admirable new Chamber of Commerce ; 

 a large art museum (unfinished) ; an art school, and 

 a college of music ( 1878), of deservedly high repute ; 

 a large music-hall, with a noted grand organ ; a 

 commodious city building ; and a court-house. 

 There are more than 200 churches, several of them 

 large and architecturally noteworthy, including 

 a Roman Catholic cathedral ; besides many hand- 

 some theatres, hotels, and public halls. The city 

 has several ample hospitals and infirmaries (public 

 and private), a large asylum for the insane, and 

 many other institutions for charity and correction. 

 There are public and private schools of every grade, 

 among them three high schools, a normal school, 

 a school of design, and a technical school. The 

 fourteen professional schools include six medical 

 schools, one school of law, and two of divinity, one 

 of which (Lane Theological Seminary, Presby- 

 terian ) has a wide reputation. Cincinnati Univer- 

 sity is free to resident youths, and to it the Cincin- 

 nati Observatory and Astronomical School are 

 affiliated. The city has several important libraries, 

 one of which (the Free Public Library) contains 

 some 150,000 bound volumes and 18,000 pamphlets. 

 There is a Zoological Garden, and the Cuvier Club 

 and the Historical and Philosophical Society possess 

 considerable collections. Finally, Cincinnati is well 

 known as a centre of musical and art culture, and 

 its decorative pottery and wood-carving have a 

 national reputation. 



Besides its large river traffic, the city transacts a 

 great amount of business by rail. A large number 

 of railways converge to this place, and it is a re- 

 ceiving and distributing centre of great importance. 

 The Miami and Erie Canal (1827), extending 

 northward from Cincinnati ( 246 miles ) to Toledo, is 

 also the channel of a considerable trade. A very 

 large proportion of Cincinnati's staples of trade are 

 manufactured in the city, or its near vicinity. In 

 1872, 43,739 persons were employed in the manu- 

 factures, and the value of the goods produced was 

 a little over $100,000,000; in 1890 the labourers 

 numbered 92,000, and the products were valued 

 at $181,500,000. Many steamboats and barges 

 are built here. The city has sixteen banks, 

 a clearing-house, a board of trade, a chamber of 

 commerce and merchant's exchange, and other 

 similar organisations. The condition of the labour- 

 ing classes is in general very good. There are numer- 

 ous building associations, which greatly facilitate 

 the ownership of houses by working-men. The 

 book-trade is represented by several first-class 

 and a number of minor publishing-houses. The 

 slaughter-houses, stock-yards, and grain-elevators 

 are very extensive. 



Cincinnati was first settled by white men in 1780, 

 and was permanently occupied in 1788. Its name 

 was given in honour of the Society of the Cin- 

 cinnati. It is believed that a portion of its site was 

 occupied before the historic period by a considerable 

 aboriginal population. Mounds containing various 

 relics appear -to confirm this opinion. It was 

 incorporated as a city in 1819, and from its pros- 

 perity and attractiveness, it early attained the 

 name of ' the queen city of the west.' The sobri- 



