CINCINNATI 



CINNABAR 



quet of ' PorkopolU ' commemorates it* immense 

 trade in pork and other hog products, which has 

 now been largely diverted to other cities. The first 

 Hteaiul'oat i cached ( 1 inciiiiiiiti in 1H11, descending 

 lli,- river from I'itt-l.ur- ; and the first railway 

 lmm the city was opened in 1845. Its first Roman 

 r.-uholic l.ishoj. was cuiisecrated in 182*2, and the 

 -ee l>ecame aiciiiepiscopal and metropolitan in 1850. 

 In tin- same year tin- lower part of the city suflered 

 much from a great tlood. Cincinnati very early 

 I.ecame promiii.Mit for its social culture, and for a 

 long time it wa- almost the literary capital or head- 

 <inartcr> Hi the wlmli- region west of the Alleghanies. 

 The unusual local development of a taste for the fine 

 art- an<l for music \vas likewise noticeable at an 

 early date, and is still a characteristic of the town. 

 i riots occurred in 1884, and were with difficulty 

 -um>ressed hy the military. Pop. in 1800, 750; in 

 Is.Ui, 115,436; in 1H70. 216,239: 



., , . , in isso, -2.V>,l.sy 



'of wliom Sl'JS were coloured ) ; oy the census re- 

 turns of ISiMi. -2M).!I08 : and of 1SMM), 3'25,902. 



Cincinnati (the Cincinnatuses), a society or 

 order in the United State* of North America, 



of those who had fallen during the war.' It was 

 so named because it included patriots, headed by 

 Washington, who in many instances had left rural 

 affairs to serve their country (see CINCINNATUS). 

 The badge of the society is a "bald eagle suspended 

 by a dark-blue ribbon with white borders, symbol- 

 ising the union of France and America. On the 

 breast of the eagle there is a figure of Cincinnatus 

 receiving the military ensigns from the senators, 

 round the whole are the words, Omnia relit/nit 

 servare rempublicam. As this distinction was made 

 hereditary, it was attacked as opposed to repub- 

 lican equality. Franklin saw in it the germ of a 

 future aristocracy ; and at a meeting held in Phila- 

 delphia in 1784 several changes were made in the 

 constitution of the society, the right of succession 

 being made conditional on approval in each case by 

 the society. After 1804 the branches in several of 

 the states were abolished. There are still, however, 

 several state societies, which hold a general meeting 

 by delegates triennially. See the Memoirs of the 

 Pennsylvania Historical Society, vol. vi. 



Cincinnati Epoch, the name given in North 

 America to a subdivision of Silurian time. 



Cincinna'tus, Lucius QUINCTIUS, a favourite 

 hero of the old Roman republic, regarded by the 

 later Romans as a pattern of antique virtue and 

 simple manners. In 460 B.C. he was chosen consul, 

 and two years later was made dictator. When the 

 messengers from Rome came to tell Cincinnatus 

 of his new dignity they found him ploughing ^on 

 his small farm. He soon rescued the consul Lucius 

 Miniicius, who had been defeated and surrounded 

 by the .^qui. but Livy's account of the mode in 

 which the deliverance was effected contains incon- 

 sistencies which did not escape the critical eye 

 of Niebuhr. Sixteen days after, he laid down his 

 dictatorship and returned to his small farm on the 

 Tiber. At the age of eighty he was once more 

 made dictator to deal with the alleged treasonable 

 conspiracy of the great plebeian, Sp. Mielius. 



Cinder-bed, a name given by the quarrymen 

 to a stratum of the Middle Purbeck series o'f the 

 Jurassic system, almost entirely composed of the 

 aggregated shells of a small oyster (Ostrea distorta). 



4'inous, a Thessalian, the minister of Pyrrhus 

 (q.v.), was the most eloquent man of his time, and 

 died about 270 B.C. Pyrrhus said his words had 

 won him more cities than his own arms. 



Cinematograph. a modification of the kineto- 

 scope. See EDISON, ZOETROPE. 



Cinera'riO, a large and widely distributed genus 

 of annual or perennial herbaceous composites, very 

 closely allied 

 to Senecio 

 i * ; i oundsel, 

 IJjigwort, &c.), 

 of which it is 

 indeed often 

 reckoned a sub- 

 genus. Two 

 small species 

 are natives of 

 the southern 

 partsof Britain. 

 The flowers of 

 some are very 

 pretty. C. 

 maritima, from 

 the Mediter- 

 ranean shores, 

 is a handsome 

 garden peren- 

 nial, and many 

 Cinerarias are 

 also grown in 

 green-houses Cineraria cruenta. 



in Britain; 



these, however, are mostly florists' flowers pro- 

 duced by cultivation and hybridising. The most 

 important parent plant of these is C. cruenta, a 

 native of Teneriffe. 



Cinerary Urns. See URN. 



Cingalese. See CEYLON. 



Cinna, Lucius CORNELIUS, a Roman patrician, 

 one of the principal supporters of the faction of 

 Marius. After Sulla had driven Marius from the 

 city, and before setting out on his expedition 

 against Mithridates, he allowed Cinna to be 

 elected to the consulship on condition of his swear- 

 ing not to disturb the constitution as then existing. 

 No sooner, however, had he entered upon that 

 office (87 B.c.) than he impeached Sulla, en- 

 deavoured to form an interest among the citizens 

 who had been added to Rome after the Social War, 

 and agitated for the recall of Marius (q.v.). Cinna 

 and Marius next declared themselves consuls after 

 a cruel massacre of the Roman citizens, in which 

 some of the most eminent citizens were slain. On 

 the death of Marius, which occurred within a few 

 days of his usurpation, Cinna made L. Valerius 

 Flaccus his colleague for that year, and C. Papirius 

 Carbo for the two succeeding years. In 84 B.c. he 

 prepared to meet Sulla, who was then on his way 

 from the East to take vengeance upon his enemies, 

 but was slain by his disaffected troops at Brun- 

 dusium. During his fourth consulate his daughter 

 Cornelia had been married to Julius Caesar. 



Cinnabar, an ore of mercury, from which 

 almost all the mercury of commerce is obtained. 

 Chemically it is a sulphide of mercury containing 

 86'2 parts of mercury and 13'8 of sulphur. It 

 occurs both crystallised and massive, not unfre- 

 quently disseminated. Its crystals are six-sided 

 pi -isms. It varies from perfectly opaque to almost 

 transparent ; has an adamantine, almost metallic 

 lustre, and a carmine colour, with a bright scarlet 

 streak. Its specific gravity is 8 to 8*2. He/Hit ic 

 Cinntilmr, so called from its liver-brown colour, is a 

 variety containing a little carbon. Cinnabar some- 

 times occurs in primitive rocks, but more frequently 

 in t hose of the coal formation. The cinnabar mines 

 of Almaden, in Spain, have been worked for about 

 2300 years, and have been surpassed in productive- 

 ness by those of New Almaden in California. 

 Cinnabar mines exist also in Idria, Germany, 

 Hungary, Pem, China, and Japan. Cinnabar is 

 used as a pigment under the name of Vermilion. 



