CINNYBIS 



CINTRA 



257 



essentially <if silica, alumina, ami lime. It i 

 finiii.1 chiefly in Ceylon. 



4'imi>ris. See SUN-BIRDS. 



Cinq-liars. HKMM COIKKIKH DK RUZE, 

 M \i:iii is DK, an ill fated favourite of Louis XIII., 

 die s<M-oii<l son of tlit^ Marquis d'Klliat, 

 Marshal of France, and was l>orn in H>20. While 

 yet a IM>\ In- was placed at court by Cardinal 

 Btehelien, and here his haJuUomfl figure and 

 fascinating manner- soon secured him the warm 

 affection of i lie royal household. At nineteen he 

 wa- chief equerry to the king, but his Ambition 

 could not brook the delay of waiting for the 

 fun her stages of the most rapid promotion, but 

 already in his dreams be was a duke and peer of 

 Prance, and husband of the Princess Maria of 

 Con/.aga. Finding his ambitious projects merely 

 deridea bv Richelieu, he joined with the kings 

 brother, Duke Gaston of Orleans, in a plot to 

 murder the great cardinal. With this was com- 

 bined a wider plot with Spain for the destruction 

 of the cardinal s power by arms. The conspiracy 

 was discovered, and Cinq-Mars, with his friend De 

 Thou, was executed at Lyons, 12th September 1642. 

 His story was woven by De Vigny into the well- 

 known romance Cinq-Mars ( 1826 ). 



4 ' i nq II < Cento ( Ital. , ' five hundred ; ' but really 

 a contraction for ' one thousand five hundred ' ) is 

 a current term for the style alike in art and in 

 literature which arose in Italy about or after the 

 year 1500, and which therefore belongs mainly to 

 the 16th century. It is characterised by the 

 revival of classical taste in all departments of 

 culture, and is frequently used in the same sense as 

 the word retutissancc, especially as applied to 

 decoration. Among the great cinquecentisti in 

 art are Michelangelo, Raphael, Correggio, Titian, 

 Leonardo da Vinci, and Benvenuto Cellini ; in 

 poetry the notabler names are those of Berni, 

 Ariosto, and Tasso. See ITALY, ITALIAN ARCHI- 

 TECTURE, RENAISSANCE. 



Cinqiiefoil* a common bearing in Heraldry, 

 representing a flower with five petals borne full- 

 faced and without a stalk. If pierced i.e. per- 

 forated in the centre, it should be so blazoned. 



Cinquefoil : 

 in Heraldry. 



Cinquefoil : 

 in Architecture. 



Gules, a cinquefoil pierced ermine, was the coat of 

 the old earls of Leicester ; and gules, three cinque- 

 foils argent (sometimes ermine), that of the house 

 of Hamilton in Scotland. Cinquefoil, in Archi- 

 tecture, is an ornamental foliation in five compart- 

 ments, used in the tracery of windows, panellings, 

 and the like. The cinquefoil is often represented 

 in a .circular form, the spaces between points or 

 cusps representing the five leaves, as in the accom- 

 panying illustration. 



Cinqiiefoil, in Botany. See POTENTILLA. 



Cinque Ports. The five great ports on the 

 coast of Kent and Sussex lying opjwsite to France 

 Sandwich, Dover, Hythe, Romney, and Hastings 

 were of considerable importance during the 

 Anglo-Saxon period ; and in a charter of Edward I. 

 we find reference to a previous document granted 

 them by Edward the Confessor. But it was sub- 

 sequent to the battle of Hastings that the Con- 

 queror, in order that he might wield the resources 

 121 



of the seaport* with greater vigour, constituted 

 tliis \\holc line of coast into a jurisdiction entirely 

 separate from the counties of Kent and Stuwex, aiid 

 erected it into a sort of county palatine, under a 

 warden or guardian, the seat of whose administra- 

 tion was in Dover Castle. The warden, whone 

 ollice corresponded to that of the ancient Count of 

 the Saxon coast (Comes littoris Saxonici), exercised 



(mi-diction, civil, military, and naval, uniting in 

 ii- -ingle person the functions of sheriff, custos 

 rotulorum, lord-lieutenant, and admiral. Privileges 

 ecpial to those originally bestowed on the Cinque 

 Ports were subsequently extended to the so-called 

 ////(// // (turn* of Winchelsea and Rye; and all the 

 seven municipal towns except Winchelsea had 

 subordinate ports and towns attached to them, 

 which were called limbs or members. In place of 

 the Saxon terms of aldermen and freemen, those of 

 jurats and barons were introduced, and the latter 

 term has always been applied to the representatives 

 of the Cinque Ports in parliament. Their chief 

 function in early times was to furnish such ship- 

 ping as was required for the purposes of the state, 

 the crown having possessed no permanent navy 

 previous to the reign of Henry VII. In the time of 

 Edward I. they were bound to provide no less than 

 fifty-seven ships, fully equipped and manned at 

 their own cost ; though the weight of this heavy 

 burden was somewhat lessened by the provision that 

 the period of gratuitous service should be limited to 

 fifteen days. The ports, moreover, enjoyed in return 

 for their services many privileges, such as exemp- 

 tion from tax and tallage, the right to make their 

 own bylaws, &c. In consequence of the warlike 

 navy which they were thus compelled to maintain, 

 the Cinque Ports became so confident and audacious 

 as not only to undertake piratical expeditions, but 

 even to make war and form confederacies as in- 

 dependent states. Previous to the Revolution of 

 1688, the lord-wardens nominated one and some- 

 times l>oth of the parliamentary representatives for 

 each of the Cinque Ports ; but in 1689 an act was 

 passed to ' declare the right and freedom of election 

 of members to serve in parliament for the Cinque 

 Ports. ' The Acts of 1 832 and 1 885 reduced the num- 

 ber of members sent to parliament by the Cinque 

 Ports from sixteen to three, and the Municipal 

 Reform Act has broken up the ancient organisation 

 of the ports, and assimilated their internal arrange- 

 ments to those of other English municipalities. 

 The ancient courts of Shepwav, Brotherhood, and 

 Guestling are still occasionally held, but their 

 powers scarcely extend beyond matters of form. 

 The lord-warden's jurisdiction, in relation to civil 

 suits and proceedings, was abolished in 1835 ; but 

 he still presides in the court of Shepway, and 

 appoints the justices of peace within the juris- 

 diction of the Cinque Ports. His official residence 

 is Walmer Castle, near Deal, a structure of Henry 

 VIII. 's time; and here, as warden, the Duke of 

 Wellington lived every autumn from 1829 till his 

 death at it in 1852. See Montagu Burrows, 

 Cinque Ports (1888). 



Cintra, a small but picturesquely situated 

 town in Portugal, in the province of Estremadura, 

 17 miles WNW. of Lisbon, with a population of 

 5500. It stands on the declivity of the Serra de 

 Cintra, and is surrounded by country residences. 

 There is a palace at Cintra, a strange mixture of 

 Moorish and Christian architecture, anciently 

 occupied by the Moorish kings, and subsequently a 

 favourite s'ummer-resort of the Christian monarch-. 

 On another hill-top stands La Penna, once a con- 

 vent, now also a residence of the kings of Portugal. 

 In the neighbourhood is the Cork Convent, which 

 derives its name from the cells which are cut out 

 of the rock being lined with cork to prevent 

 damp. Cintra is historically remarkable for the 



