c 1ST K UN- 



CITRIC ACID 



267 



century the order had 800 abbeys in different coun- 

 tii.-> uV Kin..|.', and by tin- middl*- of tlie 13th its 

 establishment* had reached the number of 1800. 

 But as rirlii-s increased, the old austerity and unity 

 decayed ; the Spanish abbots seceded, and even in 

 l-Van'rc ami Italy arose separate congregations, such 

 as tSu PeuilUna and the Trappists. The Cuter- 

 dans did little for the progress of the sciences ; but 

 tln-y rendered valuable service in the develop- 

 ment of agriculture, and in the 12th and 18u 

 centuries they were consistent promoters of Gothic 

 architecture. 



The Cistercians were distinguished from the order 

 of Clugny (q.v.) by their severer rule and stricter 

 poverty, avoiding everything like splendour in 

 tlirir churches, even gold and silver crosses; by 

 being submissive to the jurisdiction of the bishops, 

 at least till after the death of St Bernard ; by not 

 im-dilling with the cure of souls; by wearing a 

 white robe with a black scapulary ; and by their 

 peculiar form of government, which was introduced 

 by Innocent IIL in 1215 into all the monastic 

 orders. In England thei* earliest establishment 

 was Waverley Abbey (1128), near Farnham, in 

 Surrey. The number of Cistercian abbeys in 

 England in the reign of Henry VIII. was 75, 

 besides 26 Cistercian nunneries. In Scotland there 

 were 11 abbeys and 7 nunneries. Among the 

 English abbeys were Woburn, Tintern, Furness, 

 Fountains, Kirkstall, and Rievaux ; among the 

 Scottish, Melrose, Dundrennan, Kinloss, Glenluce, 

 Culross, Deer, Balmerino, and Sweetheart or New 

 Abbey. The chief French abbeys, ' the four eldest 

 daughters of Citeaux,' as they were called, were 

 La Ferte, Pontigny, Clairvaux, and Morimond, the 

 last of these having itself 700 dependent benefices. 

 Port Royal des Champs was the most celebrated 

 of the Cistercian nunneries. Riches and indolence 

 brought this powerful order, as well as others, into 

 decay. Even before the Reformation many of 

 their convents had ceased to exist. The French 

 Revolution reduced the Cistercians to a few con- 

 vents in Spain, Poland, Austria, and Saxony. The 

 last remnant of the order in France was expelled in 

 1880. At Mount St Bernard, near Coalville, 

 Leicestershire, they have a ' mitred ' abbey built 



by Pugin the elder. 

 See Manriquez, An- 

 nales Cistercienses (4 

 vols. Lyons, 1642 ) ; 

 The Cistercian Saints 

 of England (ed. by 

 Newman, 1844); 

 Sharpe, The Archi- 

 tecture of the Cister- 

 cians (1874); Janau- 

 schek, Origines Cis- 

 terciensium (1877); 

 also the articles 

 BENEDICTINES, Mo- 

 NACHISM. 



Cistern. 



WATER. 



See 



CistHS (Gr.), or 

 ROCK- ROSE, a genus 

 of thalaminoral 

 dicotyledons, which 

 gives its name to the 

 Cistacew, an order 

 allied to Crucifene 

 and Capparideiv, and 

 containing about four 

 genera and sixt} 

 species of shrubs anc 

 herbs, chiefly Medi- 

 terranean. Many 

 species are more or less resinous; and from the 



Common Rock-rose 

 (Hdiantliemum vulgarc). 



)wigs of some species of CUtus, native* of southern 

 Europe and the Levant, particularly C. creticut, C. 

 cyprtus, and 0. ludaniferu*, the resinous substance 

 called L/ii/niiiim is obtained, which is ued an a 

 stimulant, chiefly in plasters, but ha* liecome oliso- 

 ete in modern medical practice. Many specie* of 

 Uistus are much cultivated for the beauty of their 

 arge wild-roselike flowers, which are red, white, 

 ilac, yellow, or frequently of two colours. Most of 

 ;he larger kinds require in Britain some protection 

 ,n winter. The common yellow Rock-roses of our 

 Irv hillsides are species of Helianthemuin, chiefly 

 H. vulgare. Many pretty varieties of this and other 

 species are grown in gardens, especially on rock- 

 work. Several kinds are North American. 



Citation* the act of calling a party into court 

 bo answer to an action, to give evidence, or to per- 

 form some other judicial act. In England the term 

 citation is applied particularly to process in the 

 spiritual, probate, and matrimonial courts. ^In 

 Scotland, a citation is given in the Court of Session 

 (q.v.) by an officer of court, or by a messenger-al- 

 arms, under authority either of a summons passing 

 the Signet (q.v.), or of a warrant by the court. 

 Where no messenger-at-arms is resident in the dis- 

 trict, it may be done by a sheriff-officer. Citation 

 is made either personally, by delivery of a copy of 

 the warrant to the party cited ; or at the dwelling- 

 place, when the party cannot be found in person. 

 There must be one witness in every case, and in the 

 case of poindings two witnesses to the execution of 

 a warrant of citation. Parties resident out of Scot- 

 land, and tutors and curators of minors, are cited 

 edictally i.e. by delivery of the warrant at the 

 office of the Keeper of 'Edictal Citation at the 

 General Register House in Edinburgh. The officer 

 who executes the citation returns a certificate, 

 called the Execution, of the manner in which it has 

 been done. A new form of citation was introduced 

 by the Citation Amendment Act of 1882, by which 

 any officer authorised under the older law, or any 

 enrolled law-agent, may execute a warrant of cita- 

 tion, by sending a registered letter to the known 

 residence or place of (business of the person to be 

 cited, containing a copy of the summons or other 

 document to be served with the citation subjoined. 



In criminal cases the party cannot appear volun- 

 tarily in court ; he must be cited, and can plead 

 any omission in form, which cannot be obviated 

 even by consent. This form of citation is regulated 

 by the Criminal Procedure (Scotland) Act, 1887. 

 Under this act the sheriff-clerk, for cases in the 

 Sheriff Court, and the clerk of justiciary, for cases 

 in the High Court, issue warrants in the form of 

 a schedule appended to the act. Service of the 

 indictment and citation on these warrants may be 

 made by any macer, messenger-at-arms, sheriff- 

 officer, or officer of police. When the accused is in 

 prison, it may be made by a governor or warder. 



Citeaux. See CISTERCIANS. 



Cithreron. See ATTICA. 



Cithara (Gr.), an ancient instrument closely 

 resembling the Guitar (q.v.). See also ZITHER. 



Citizen. See CITY. 



Citric Acid, H,C 8 H 5 O 7 , the d to which 

 lemon and lime juice owe their sourness. It also 

 occurs, in some cases along with tartaric acid, in 

 oranges, cherries, currants, gooseberries, and other 

 fruits having a subacid taste. For practical pur- 

 poses it is always obtained from lemon, lime, or 

 Wgamot juice, which contain it in large quantity. 

 The first named of these contains from 20 to 40 

 grains of citric acid in each fluid ounce. 



Citric acid is prepared from these juices by a 

 vi'i-y simple process. The iuice having been heated 

 to the boiling-point to clarify it from albumen, 

 mucilage, &c., is mixed with chalk, CaCO,, which, 



