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CIUDAD BOLIVAR 



CIVIL LIST 



to him. In that event he was free to return 

 and sojourn in the city of refuge ; and after- 

 wards, if the goel found him outside it, he had a 

 right ( though not the duty ) to kill him. Not till 

 the death of the high-priest was he at liberty to 

 return home. See BLOOD ( AVENGER OF ) ; and for 

 the usage in other countries, see SANCTUARY. 



Ciudad Bolivar. See ANGOSTURA. 



Cilldade'la. a seaport town ( formerly capital ) 

 of the island of Minorca, on the west coast, with 

 a cathedral, ruined fortifications, and exports of 

 cattle, wool, cheese, and building- stone. Pop. 

 (1878) 7777 ; (1891, estimated) 8431. 



Cilldad Real' ('royal city;' Ciudad being 

 Lat. civitas], a town of Spain, capital of the pro- 

 vince of the same name area, 6042 sq. m. ; pop. 

 (1885) 280,642 situated on a plain between the 

 rivers Guadiana and Jabalon, 105 miles S. of 

 Madrid by rail. It is a poor, dull place, but has a 

 fine Gothic church, and remains ot the old town- 

 walls, with one handsome gateway. There are 

 manufactures to a small extent of coarse woollens, 

 linen, and table-cloths, and a trade in the agricul- 

 tural produce of the district. The population has 

 declined, and in 1897 was estimated at 13,500. 



Ciudad Rodri'gO ( ' Roderic's Town ' ), a for- 

 tified town of Spain, 17 miles from the Portuguese 

 frontier, and 56 SW. of Salamanca by rail, on a 

 steep hill above the river Agueda, which is here 

 crossed by a fine bridge. It is a poor, dirty town, 

 with a Gothic cathedral. It was taken by the 

 English (1706) and French (1707) in the War 

 of the Spanish Succession, but is chiefly of in- 

 terest for its sieges during the Peninsular war. In 

 the spring of 1810 the French under Massena in- 

 vested the town, and after a gallant defence by the 

 Spaniards, it was forced to surrender on the 10th 

 July. Meanwhile Wellington was gaining time to 

 strengthen his lines at Torres Vedras ; and in 

 January 1812 he pounced down on Ciudad Rodrigo, 

 and after a siege of eleven days, took the place oy 

 assault. For this brilliant achievement he was 

 created an English earl, and, by the Spanish 

 Cortes, Duke of Ciudad Rodrigo. Pop. 6856. 



Civet ( Viverra), a genus of cat-like carnivores. 

 Besides several species of Viverra proper, there are 

 sundry other closely related forms, such as the 

 Genettes, which some regard as separate genera. 



Civet. 



The long, thin body, the pointed head, the short 

 legs, and small hairy feet are external characteris- 

 tics. The larger species, such as the two first 

 named below, are rather larger than a fox, but 

 the Viverricula, the Genettes, &c. are often de- 

 cidedly smaller. They are active and fierce car- 

 nivores. The civets are best known in connection 

 with the strong perfume obtained from two (per- 



ineal) glands near the anus. Such glands are com- 

 mon enough : it is only their penetrating fragrance 

 which is peculiar. The civet perfume of commerce 

 is obtained from V. civetta, the African civet or 

 civet cat ; from V. zibetta, the Indian civet of 

 Bengal, China, and the Malayan region ; from V. 

 tangalunga, similar in distribution to the last ; and 

 from Viverricula malaccensis, the Rasse of India, 

 China, Java, and Sumatra. Civets are often kept 

 in confinement for the sake of the perfume, which 

 is removed from the glands about twice a week 

 by means of a small spatula, and is obtained 

 most abundantly from the male, especially after 

 he has been irritated. A dram is a large quantity 

 to obtain at a time. Abyssinia is one of the 

 principal seats of the trade, and Java another. 

 The perfume is most used in the East. 



Civil Damage Acts, passed in several of the 

 United States, giving to husbands, wives, children, 

 parents, guardians, employers, and others who 

 have sustained injury in person or property or 

 means of support, by any intoxicated person in 

 consequence of such intoxication, the right of 

 action against the person who sold or gave away 

 the liquor which caused such intoxication, have 

 been held to be constitutional. In some cases 

 the right of action has been extended to the owner 

 of the premises where such intoxicating liquor has 

 been obtained. 



Civil Death. See DEATH ( CIVIL). 

 Civil Engineer. See ENGINEERING. 



Civilian is either a person whose pursuits are 

 civil i.e. neither military nor naval; or one who 

 is skilled in the civil law a student, professor, or 

 doctor of the Roman civil law. 



Civilisation. See ANTHROPOLOGY, ARCHE- 

 OLOGY, ART, GOVERNMENT. 



Civil Law. See LAW. 



Civil List. Down to the period of the Restora- 

 tion in 1660, notwithstanding an attempt at nego- 

 tiation between James I. and the parliament for 

 the commutation of the hereditary revenues of the 

 crown, the whole expenses of the government of 

 England, civil and military, were included in one 

 list, or rather they were defrayed out of what was 

 called the royal revenue. This revenue, which 

 arose partly from crown-lands, partly from the 

 hereditary excise and other hereditary revenues, 

 and partly from the ordinary excise, was for a long 

 period after the Conquest really at the disposal of 

 the crown. Even after the supplies were provided 

 by parliament, the specific mode of their expendi- 

 ture continued to be free from parliamentary con- 

 trol. But at the Restoration a distinction was 

 made (by statute 12 Charles II.) between the extra- 

 ordinary expenses occasioned by war, and the 

 ordinary cost of the civil establishments of the 

 country. For the latter the needful funds were 

 provided, partly from such crown-lands as were 

 still unalienated, and partly from taxes which 

 parliament voted for the purpose at the commence- 

 ment of each reign. These were called the heredi- 

 tary or civil list revenues, the amount of which was 

 in 1689 fixed at 600,000 per annum. During the 

 reign of William III. the civil list was twice raised, 

 and in 1698, after the war with France, stood at 

 700,000. To provide the additional sum a new 

 subsidy of customs was granted to the king for life. 

 The branches of expenditure included under this 

 head were the following : ( 1 ) The royal household ; 

 ( 2 ) the privy purse ; ( 3 ) the royal palaces ; ( 4 ) the 

 salaries of the chancellor, judges, great officers of 

 state, and ambassadors ; ( 5 ) the incomes given to 

 the other members of the royal family ; ( 6 ) the 

 secret-service money, pensions, and other irregular 

 claims. The support of the army and navy was, 



