278 



CLARENDON PRESS 



CLARK 



which he retained till his death, 27th June 1870. 

 Lord Clarendon was a man of singularly genial and 

 charming manners, who added by his rare tact and 

 perfect temper an unwonted grace to the difficulty 

 and invidiousness of diplomacy. 



Clarendon Press. See BOOK-TRADE. 



Clarens, a beautiful Swiss village on the Lake 

 of Geneva, 3 miles SE. of Vevey by rail. 



Claret (Fr. clairet), a term originally applied 

 to wines of a light-red colour, but which is now 

 used in England as a general name for the red 

 wines of Bordeaux (q.v. ). The name as used in 

 England is unknown in France. 



Claretie, JULES (properly ARSENE ARNAUD), a 

 versatile French writer and popular novelist, born 

 at Limoges, 3d December 1840. While still a 

 schoolboy at the Lycee Bonaparte in Paris, he pub- 

 lished a novel, and ere long his facile and clever 

 Sen made him one of the most important art and 

 ramatic critics and political writers on the Paris 

 press. His short story Pierrille (1863) had the 

 honour to be praised by George Sand ; and his 

 novels, Mademoiselle Cachemire (1865), and Un 

 Assassin, renamed later Robert Burat ( 1866 ), gained 

 general applause. Meantime he continued his 

 career as a journalist, although he suffered some- 

 times from the imperial censorship. During the 

 Franco-German war he sent a series of remarkable 

 letters to the Rappel and Opinion Nationale, and 

 acquired the materials for a later series of bright 

 and vigorous anti-German books of an historical 

 character : Histoire de la Revolution de 1870-71 

 (new ed. 5 vols. 1875-76) ; Les Prussiens chez Eux 

 ( 1872) ; and Cinq A us apres, I' Alsace et la Lorraine 

 depuis I'Annexion ( 1876 ). He distinguished himself 

 by his conduct during the siege of Paris, and showed 

 that he possessed also high talent for affairs. His 

 more important later novels are Madeleine Bertin 

 ( 1868) ; Le Train 17 ( 1877) ; Monsieur le Ministre, 

 an enormous success (1881); Le Million (1882); 

 Michel Berthier ( 1883 ) ; and Le Prince Zilah ( 1884 ). 

 He first found a firm footing on the stage with his 

 pictures of the great Revolution, Les Muscadins 

 (1874), Le Regiment de Champagne (1877), and Les 

 Mirabeau (1878); and in 1885 he became Director 

 of the Theatre Francais. In 1888 he was admitted 

 to the Academy. His Life of Camille Desrnoulins 

 was Englished in 1876. 



Claribel was the pen-name of Mrs Charlotte 

 Alington Barnard (1830-69; married in 1854 to 

 Charles Gary Barnard ), who wrote a hundred songs 

 and ballads, some of which, like ' Come back to 

 Erin ' and ' Won't you tell me why, Robin ? ' were 

 wonderfully popular. She was buried at Dover. 



Clarification is the process of clearing a fluid 

 from a turbid condition. Natural waters contain- 

 ing much organic matter in mechanical suspension 

 and in chemical solution are clarified by the addition 

 of a little alum, which is precipitated with the 

 organic matter, and the water then becomes healthy 

 and refreshing. Liquids are often clarified by 

 straining through several layers of cloth, or through 

 sand or charcoal. A ' centrifugal ' is a circular 

 vessel provided with an outlet in the centre and also 

 at the circumference, and which is capable of being 

 made to revolve at a very high speed. When the 

 muddy liquid is placed in the vessel, and the whole 

 caused to revolve, it is found that the particles of 

 dust, mud, or other matter fly to the circumference, 

 leaving the liquid in the centre practically clear, so 

 that it can be drawn off. See BEER, CLEARING- 

 NUT, FILTER, GELATINE, WINE. 



Clarinet* or CLARIONET, a wind-instrument, 

 usually of wood, in which the sound is produced by 

 a single thin reed. It is supposed to have been 

 invented in 1690 by Joseph Christoph Denner, at 

 Nuremberg, though some authorities trace its exist- 



Clarinet : 



ence to medieval times. Since its invention it has 

 undergone many changes and improvements, and 

 the modern clarinet, from the extent, quality, and 

 variety of its tone, is one of the most perfect of 

 wind-instruments. The tube of the instrument is 

 cylindrical, ending in a bell, with holes to be 

 covered by the fingers and left- 

 hand thumb ; and keys, generally 

 thirteen in number, to supply the 

 additional tones and half-tones. 



The mouthpiece is cone-shaped, 

 flattened on one side to form a 

 table for the reed ; in the table is 

 a square opening about an inch 

 long and half an inch wide (a in 

 fig. ), on which the reed is fastened 

 by the lower and thicker end ( b in 

 fig.). The table being slightly 

 curved towards the point, a gap is 

 left between the end of the reed 

 and the mouthpiece ; and the sound 

 depends on the vibration of the 

 reed against this curved table. 

 The reed is a thin slip from a tall 



frass (Arundo sativa) grown in 

 pain. The clarinet has two prin- 

 cipal registers viz. the lower, 

 called the chalumeau, from E in 

 the bass stave to Bb in the treble ; 

 and the upper, of a different 

 quality, from B|^ treble stave to Cit 

 above the stave. Another octave 

 higher can be played by cross- 

 fingering, but beyond G the notes 

 are not very effective. The differ- 

 ence between the lower and upper 

 registers is an interval of a twelfth, 

 which gives the clarinet a much 

 greater compass than the flute, for 

 instance, which is an octave-scaled 

 instrument. The upper register 

 is fingered exactly like the lower, 

 except that the BtT key ( the highest 

 on the tube, c in fig.) is kept open 

 by the thumb of the left hand. The Boehrn modi- 

 fication of fingering (see FLUTE) has been applied 

 to the clarinet, but is not so suitable to it as to 

 octave-scaled instruments. 



The ordinary difficulties of the fingering are so 

 much intensified in playing in keys with many 

 sharps or flats, that in orchestras it is usual to have 

 instruments of different pitch to simplify the key. 

 These are usually the A fa, Bb, and C clarinets, 

 though the latter is gradually going out of use. 



In military reed-bands the Bb clarinet is the 

 leading instrument, with the addition of one or two 

 smaller clarinets in Eb to assist in the sharper 

 passages (see BAND). Clarinets in various other 

 keys have been introduced but seldom used. 



Mozart, Beethoven, Mendelssohn, Weber, Meyer- 

 beer, Spohr, and Rossini have made extensive use of 

 the clarinet in the orchestral compositions, though 

 some of the parts written for the instrument, 

 especially in the overtures to Semiramide, Otello, 

 and Gazza Ladra by Rossini, are so difficult as to 

 be almost unplayable. 



A tenor clarinet, known as the Basset-Horn 

 (q.v), is also used in orchestral music. The Bass 

 Clarinet is an instrument of the same construction 

 as the ordinary clarinet, an octave lower, usually 

 pitched in Bb. It is also used in orchestral and 

 military bands. 



Clark, SIR ANDREW, physician, was born at 

 Wolf hill m Cargill, Perthshire, 28th October 1826, 

 and educated at Aberdeen and Edinburgh. After 

 a brilliant career as a student of medicine at 

 Edinburgh, he assisted Dr Hughes Bennett and Dr 

 Robert Knox the anatomist, and next had charge 



renioved b, the 

 same with 'reed 

 attached. 



