280 



CLARKE 



CLARKSON 



of Writers (1878), a charming Book, full of reminis- 

 cences of Keats, Lamb, and other famous men. In 

 1856 they went to live at Nice, but removed in 1861 

 to Genoa, where Charles died, 13th March 1877. 

 Mrs Cowden Clarke, who died at Genoa, 12th Jan- 

 uary 1897, alone wrote novels, volumes of verse, &c. 

 the best known being The Girlhood of Shake- 

 speare's Heroines (1850) and World-noted Women 

 ( 1857 ). See her Sketch of her husband ( 1887 ) and 

 an Autobiographic Sketch (1897). 



Clarke, EDWARD DANIEL, traveller and author, 

 born at Willingdon in Sussex in 1769, studied at 

 Cambridge, and from 1790 to 1799 was employed as 

 tutor and travelling companion in several noble- 

 men's families, making the tour of Great Britain, 

 France, Italy, Switzerland, and Germany. In 1799 

 he set out on an extensive tour with a young man 

 of fortune ; they traversed Denmark, Norway, 

 Sweden, Lapland, Finland, Russia, the country of 

 the Don-Cossacks, Tartary, Asia Minor, Syria, 

 Egypt, Greece, and did not return to England till 

 1802. In 1808 Clarke was made first professor of 

 mineralogy at Cambridge. He presented to the 

 university library a number of valuable marbles 

 collected during his travels ; his manuscripts he 

 sold to Oxford ; and the university of Cambridge 

 purchased his collection of minerals. Ordained in 

 1805, he held two livings from 1809 until his death, 

 9th March 1822. His Travels (6 vols. 1810-23) 

 were received with extraordinary favour ; his 

 other works, chiefly on antiquarian subjects and 

 mineralogy, are now of little value. See his Life, 

 by Bishop Otter (1825). 



Clarke* HYDE, an English financier and philo- 

 logist, born in London in 1815, was employed as a 

 civil engineer in the improvement of Morecambe 

 Bay and Barrow, and next in the promotion of 

 telegraph arid railway service in Upper India. He 

 became cotton councillor in Turkey, and in 1868 

 founded the Council of Foreign Bondholders, whose 

 affairs he administered for years. A promoter of 

 the Anthropological Institute and the Press Fund, 

 he died 1st March 1895. His writings include books 

 and pamphlets on railways, foreign loans, banking, 

 mythology, and comparative philology, especially 

 the native American languages and their supposed 

 connection with those of the Old World. Unfor- 

 tunately his views are much more original than 

 sound, and most of his generalisations have failed 

 to commend themselves to really scientific philolo- 

 gists. Among his books are The Pre-Hellenic Inhab- 

 itants of Asia Minor (1864), The Mediterranean 

 Popidations from Autonomous Coins (1882), &c. 



Clarke, JAMES FREEMAN, theologian, was born 

 in Hanover, N.H., 4th April 1810, and studied at 

 Harvard and Cambridge Divinity School. He be- 

 came a Unitarian pastor, and in 1841 founded the 

 Church of the Disciples at Boston. From 1867 to 

 1871 he held a chair of Natural Theology in Harvard 

 University. He died 8th June 1888. He assisted 

 in preparing the memoirs of the Marchioness Ossoli ; 

 and among his numerous works are books on the 

 forgiveness of sin, on prayer, and on orthodoxy,' 

 Steps of Belief ( 1870 ), Ten Great Religions ( 1871-83 ), 

 Common Sense in Religion (1879), Manual of Uni- 

 tarian Belief (1884), and Vexed Questions (1886). 



Clarke, DR SAMUEL, an eminent philosopher 

 and theologian, was born at Norwich, October 11, 

 1675, and educated at Caius College, Cambridge. 

 The system of Descartes at that time held almost 

 universal sway ; but this failing to satisfy his mind, 

 he, as was to be expected, adopted the views of his 

 friend Newton, and expounded them in the notes 

 to his edition of Renault's Physics. Along with 

 philosophy he pursued the study of theology and 

 philology. Chaplain from 1698 to Bishop Moore 

 of Norwich, in 1706 he became chaplain to Queen 



Anne, and in 1709 rector of St James's, Westminster. 

 By his work on the Trinity (1712), in which he 

 denied that that doctrine was held by the early 

 church, he raised a violent and protracted contro- 

 versy (in which Waterland was his chief oppon- 

 ent ). The upper house of Convocation, desirous of 

 avoiding controversy, rested content with an ex- 

 planation, anything but satisfactory, and a pro- 

 mise from Clarke to be silent for the future on that 

 subject. His views were of the kind known as 

 Semi-Arian (see ARIUS). For the rest, Clarke was 

 a vigorous antagonist of the Deists of his time ; he 

 wrote against materialism, empiricism, and necessi- 

 tarianism ; and against Dodwell maintained the 

 essential immortality of the soul. He taught that 

 the fundamental truths of morals, arising out of the 

 fitness or unfitness of certain relations, were as 

 absolutely certain as the truths of mathematics. 

 Space and time he held to be attributes of an 

 infinite and immaterial being. His most famous 

 work is Discourse concerning the Being and Attri- 

 butes of God, originally the Boyle Lectures of 1704-5. 

 They were expressly in answer to Hobbes, Spinoza, 

 Blount, and other freethinkers, and contained the 

 famous and elaborate demonstration of the exist- 

 ence of God, often, but inaccurately, called an 

 a priori argument, on which his fame as a the- 

 ologian largely rests. At the instigation of the 

 Princess of Wales, Clarke entered into a keen 

 correspondence with Leibnitz on space and time, 

 and their relations to God, and on moral freedom. 

 This correspondence was published under the title 

 of Collection of Papers which passed betiveen Dr 

 Clarke and Mr Leibnitz ( 1717 ). He was not merely 

 a keen dialectician and a man of great strength of 

 mind, but was possessed of great general ability. 

 He published several collections of much admired 

 sermons and innumerable pamphlets, besides a 

 posthumous Exposition of the Church Catechism 

 and a beautiful edition of Caesar (1712); that of 

 Homer (1729-32) was completed by his son. He 

 died 17th May 1729. A collected edition of his 

 works appeared in 4 vols. (1738-42), with a Life 

 by Hoadly. His friend Whiston also wrote a Life 

 (1741). 



Clarkson, THOMAS, philanthropist, the son of 

 a clerical schoolmaster at Wisbeach, Avhere he was 

 born, March 28, 1760. From St Paul's School he 

 passed to St John's College, Cambridge, where he 

 took a good degree in 1783. His introduction to 

 the chief interest of his life was his gaining a 

 prize for a Latin essay in 1785, on the question, 

 ' Is it right to make slaves of others against 

 their will?' which, in an English translation 

 (1786), was widely read. Clarkson henceforward 

 devoted himself with indefatigable energy to a. 

 vigorous crusade against African slavery, both by 

 an incessant shower of essays, pamphlets, and 

 reports, and by visiting the chief towns of England 

 and even Paris to form associations. Wilberforce 

 brought the subject before parliament in 1787. 

 On March 25, 1807, the law for the suppression of 

 the slave-trade passed the legislature the occasion 

 of Wordsworth's sonnet : ' Clarkson, it was an 

 obstinate hill to climb,' and Clarkson next wrote a 

 History of the Rise, Progress, and Accomplishment 

 of the Abolition of the African Slave-trade (2 vols. 

 1808). On the formation of the Anti-slavery 

 Society in 1823, for the abolition of slavery in the 

 West Indies, he became one of its leading members, 

 and had the happiness to see the object of its efforts- 

 attained in the August of 1833. He took an active 

 part in other benevolent schemes, particularly in 

 establishing institutions for seamen in seaport 

 towns similar to the Sailors' Homes. He was in 

 deacon's orders in the Church of England, but all his 

 life kept close to the Society of Friends, although 

 he never joined its ranks. He died at Playford 



