CLK<; 



rU;.Mi;.\T 



Cleg, a name given to Home insect* of the 

 (li|iifi"ii- family Ta)i;ini<l:i-, tho females of wliich 

 are in summer extremely troublesome to hone*, 

 cattle, and litiiiuui lt-in^-. 

 Some of them are well 

 known as ' breeze - flies." 

 The females pierce the 

 skin of their victims by 

 ni'Mii- of foriniilaltle lan- 

 Clcg (Chrytopt cmmtieru). cet-like mouth organs, and 

 greedily suck the Mood 



from tin- wounds. The name cleg is sometimes 

 given in Kngland to Clirtfsopa ciecutiens, a fly fre- 

 quent in most parts of Europe, but rare in Scot- 

 land. It often attacks man, and not unfrequently 

 inserts its proboscis through the sleeve, or some 

 other part of the dress. It is about one-third of an 

 inch in length, mostly black, with yellow markings 

 on the abdomen, and very large eyes of the most 

 beautiful green and golden colours. The insect 

 always called cleg in Scotland is Hcematopota 

 pluvialis a rather smaller but equally troublesome 

 fly, mostly of a gray colour, but also remarkable 

 for its very large and beautiful eyes, which are 

 greenish, with waved purplish-brown bands. In 

 England it is sometimes called the Stout. It is 

 particularly common in low damp places. 



Cleland. WILLIAM (1661-89), Covenanting 

 poet. See CAMERONIAN REGIMENT. 



< 'Inn at is (Gr. clema, 'the shoot of a vine'), a 

 genus of plants of the natural order Ranunculacese, 

 having four coloured sepals, no corolla, and for 

 fruit numerous one-seeded achoenia with long 

 generally feathery awns. The species are pretty 

 numerous, herbs or shrubs, generally with climbing 

 stems, natives of very different climates, and much 

 scattered over the world. They possess more or 

 less active caustic properties. The long awns give 

 the plants a beautiful appearance even in winter. 

 The flowers of many species are also beautiful. C. 

 vitalba, the common Traveller's Joy (fancifully 

 so named because of its ornamental appearance 

 by the wayside), is the only native of Britain. 



Clematis montana. 



It is common in the south, but becomes rarer 

 towards the north, and is scarcely found in Scot- 

 land. The twigs are capable of being made into 

 baskets. It rapidly covers walls or unsightly 

 objects. The fruit and leaves are acrid and 

 vesicant, the leaves are used as a rul>efacient in 

 rheumatism ; and those of other species are also 

 employed in the same way. In ornamental garden- 

 ing the genus is a most important one. A number 

 of species and many garden varieties are of the 



Copyright 1889, 1887, and 

 1*00 In the U. 8. by J. B. 

 Lippineott Company. 



greatest beauty, and most profuse in flowering. 

 The flowers of some in different varieties attain 

 the diameter of from 4 to 8 inches, and range in 

 colour from pure white to pale azure, deep purple, 

 and claret or ruby. In the United States there are 

 many native species. A beautiful evergreen specie* 

 from New Zealand, C. indivisa, with pure whits 

 flowers, is one of the handsomest of greenhouse 

 climlHjrs ; and C. flummula, a native or southern 

 Kurope and northern Africa, with white flowers, 

 which have a very strong honey-like smell, is the 

 species known as Sweet Virgin's Bower. The 

 garden varieties are propagated by grafting the 

 young shoots in spring on the roots of such com- 

 mon species as C. vitalba and C. flammuln. Many 

 are propagated by cuttings, and all may l*e in- 

 creased by seeds, but the garden varieties cannot 

 be depended upon to come true by that means. 



Clemens, SAMUEL LANGHORNE ('Mark 

 Twain'), a popular American author, in early life 

 successively printer, Mississippi 

 River pilot, and versatile nu- 

 merous writer, was born at 

 Florida, in the state of Missouri, November 30, 1835. 

 From a well-known call of the man sounding the 

 river ( ' Mark twain,' meaning ' by the mark two 

 fathoms') his pseudonym as a writer was subse- 

 quently taken. After the outbreak of the war of 

 1861-65, he went to Nevada, where he tried silver- 

 mining ; next he edited for two years the Virginia 

 City Enterprise, to which he had previously con- 

 tributed as ' Mark Twain ; ' and in 1864 moving 

 to San Francisco, became a journalist, and lectured 

 with success there and in New York. In 1867 he 

 joined a pleasure party going abroad, and visited 

 France, Italy, ana Palestine, gathering material 

 for his Innocents Abroad (1869), which established 

 his reputation as a humorist, 125,000 copies sell- 

 ing within three years. He was afterwards an 

 editor at Buffalo, New York, with an interest in 

 the Express, where he married Miss Langdon, a 

 lady of wealth. He, later, removed to Hartford, 

 Connecticut, where he erected a unique and costly 

 residence, and afterwards became a member of 

 the unsuccessful publishing firm of Charles L. 

 Webster & Co. He was made M.A. of Yale in 

 1888. His humour, however grotesque, is never 

 laboured, never mean or ungenerous ; it is singu- 

 larly direct and simple in form, and has appealed 

 as successfully to British as to American readers. 

 ' If the prevailing spirit of Mark Twain's humour,' 

 writes Mr Howells, ' is not a sort of good-natured 

 self-satire, in which the reader may see his own 

 absurdities reflected, I scarcely should be able to 

 determine it. ' Mr Clemens has varied much of his 

 work by excellent character-sketches and graphic 

 descriptions. Among his books are The Innocents 

 Abroad (1869); Roughing It (1872); The Gilded 

 Age (1873), the last written with the co-operation 

 of Mr Charles Dudley Warner, and subsequently 

 put on the stage, where it had great success ; Tom 

 Sawyer ( 1876 ) ; A Tramp A broad ( 1880 ); The Prince 

 and the Pauper ( 1882 ) ; Life on the Mississippi ( 1874, 

 re-issued 1883); The Adventures of Huckleberry 

 Finn (1885); a compilation, Library of Humour 

 (1888) ; Pudd'nhead Wilson (1894 ) ; Recollect ions of 

 Joan of Arc ( 1896) ; IfttdfcMMTry Finn an 1'rtrrtivc 

 (1897); and short stories and magazine articles. 

 The author lost all his money in a publishing enter- 

 prise ( 1884-95 ), and in 1898 wrote an autobiography. 



Clement* CLEMENS, or CLEMENT, is the name 

 of seventeen Popes (q.v.). The first of the series, 

 CLEMENS ROMANUS, is accounted one of 'the 

 Apostolic Fathers (q.v.), and is reckoned variously 

 as the second or third successor of St Peter in the 

 see of Rome. A 9th-century legend makes him 

 martyred in the Crimea in the year 102. His day 



