CLEMENT XIV. 



M.I.MI- \ I i: \ 



281 



all thin-- he nought to difcover in the -ini|.!-i 

 tliin- conceivable ; and he went equally astray in 

 making < 'hri-tianity only a philosophy, and, as a 

 means to a perfect life, the fill lues* of what lui<i 



MHMI partial in the Greek systems. Yet two truili- 

 In- nobly taught the present recovery of the divine 

 likeness, and that formulated doctrine is not an 

 ml hut a means to final knowledge. Clement's 

 extant works exhibit a man of pure and gentle 

 .-pint, of sincere piety, of wide reading and of wider 

 >\mpathies, and with a nolde conception of the 

 purposes m (lod's providence; hut his learning is 

 undigested, his quotations are often careless, and 

 his turgid, verbose style and desultory method 

 appear to have replied most scholars. 



Tin' best edition of his works is still that of Bishop 

 Potter (171&), and others based on it ; there is a trans- 

 lation in Clark's Ant(-Nicene Library ( 1877-7'J ), and a 

 liililiography at the end of Dr Westcott's article in the 

 Dictionary of Christian Biography (1877). Reference 

 should also be made to Merk, Clement von A lexandrien 

 <Leip. 1879), to Winter's Ethik des Clemens (Leip. 

 1882), to Dr Bigg's Christian Platonisti of Alexandrui 

 (Banipton Lectures, 1880), and to works by Eugene de 

 Faye (1899) and F. R. Montgomery Hitchcock (1899). 



Clement XIV., GIOVANNI VINCENZO ANTONIO 

 GANOANELLI, l>orn in 1705 at Sant' Arcangelo, near 

 Rimini, at the age of eighteen entered the order of 

 .Minorites, and studied philosophy and theology, 

 which he afterwards successfully taught at Ascofi, 

 Bologna, and Milan. He was the friend and con- 

 fidant of Benedict XIV., who appointed him to 

 the important post of counsellor to the Inquisition, 

 and under Clement XIII. he was made a cardinal. 

 He succeeded to the papal chair, May 19, 1769, 

 after a conclave agitated by the intrigues of the 

 Catholic sovereigns, who united in opposing every 

 candidate favourable to the Jesuits. The new pope 

 first set about reconciling these monarchs ; he sus- 

 pended the bull In Cvena Domini, and entered into 

 negotiations with Spain and France. After four 

 years of deliberation, he issued in 1773 the famous 

 orief Dominus ac, Redetnptor noster, suppressing 

 ' for ever ' the society of the Jesuits. The motive 

 assigned in the brief is, ' regard to the peace of the 

 church.' From this time nis strength gradually 

 gave way, and he died September 22, 1774, of 

 poison, it was said, although no evidence has been 

 produced to verify this suspicion. Clement was 

 remarkable for liberality or mind, address as a 

 statesman, sound learning, and integrity of char- 

 acter. He cherished the arts and sciences, and 

 was the founder of the Clementine Museum, which, 

 by the additions of Pius VI. and Pius VII., became 

 the chief ornament of the Vatican. See Theiner, 

 Gesi-hirhte des Pontifikats Clements XIV. (Paris, 

 1853 ; also in French). 



Clement, JACQUES (1564-89), the Dominican 

 who stabbed Henry III. (q.v.) of France. 



Clement!, Muzio, in his time an eminent pianist 

 and composer for the pianoforte, was born in 1752 

 at Home, where he competed successfully for a post 

 as organist at the age or nine. Before he was four- 

 teen, he had composed several contrapuntal works 

 of considerable size, one of which, a mass, had pro- 

 I need some sensation in Rome; he then attracted 

 the notice of an Englishman, Peter Beckford, 

 M.P., who brought him to England, and at whose 

 house in Dorsetshire he studied till 1770. "When 

 he appeared in London, his extraordinary coin 

 mand of the pianoforte secured him an almost un- 

 precedented succeas. .From 1777 to 1780 he con 

 ducted the Italian Opera; in 1781 he visited Par!-. 

 Strasburg, Mxinich, and Vienna, where lie engaged 

 in a prolonged musical combat with Mozart before 

 the emperor, the victory ln'ing left undecided. 

 Mozart's letters express the verdict that dementi 



was a mere mechanician ; ' hut the latter had 

 not then exchanged his brilliant execution for the 

 melodic style of his after performance*. He made 

 other visits to the Continent, and amassed an inde- 

 pendence in England by teaching; and when much 

 of this was lost in the failure of a musical linn 

 with which he had )ecome connected, he founded 

 the l.ii-iness of manufacturer of pianofortes which 

 is still carried on under the name of his associate, 

 Collard. He died at Evesham, 9th March 1832. 

 He has left over a hundred sonatas, of which sixty 

 are for the pianoforte alone ; his ' Op. 2' (cornjx>~-d 

 in his eighteenth year) is considered the model of all 

 modern pianoforte sonatas. Of his other works, the 

 (Inning ad Parnassum (1817) is a splendid series 

 of 100 studies, 'on which to this day the art of solid 

 piano-playing rests.' 



Cleome'des, author of a Greek treatise, in 

 two books, On the Circular Theory of the Heavenly 

 Bodies, which sets forth the Stoic theory of the 

 universe, and which is remarkable as containing, 

 amid much error and ignorance, several truths of 

 modern science such as the spherical shape of 

 the earth. Nothing is known definitely regard- 

 ing his life, but it seems most probable that he 

 flourished in the 2d century A.D. Editions of his 

 treatise are those of Bake (Leyden, 1820), Schmidt 

 (Leip. 1831), and Ziegler (Leip. 1891). 



Cleon, a famous Athenian demagogue in the 

 time of the Peloponnesian war, for about six years 

 the leader of the party opposed to peace. Origin- 

 ally a tanner, he gradually abandoned his business, 

 and became the champion of popular rights, a 

 position for which his fluent speech and loud voice 

 fitted him admirably. He first became prominent 

 alxmt 427 B.C. by his advocating the putting to 

 death of the Mytilenean prisoners, but his first 

 great success was the reduction of the island of 

 Sphacteria, in which a Lacedaemonian force had 

 long held out. It is by no means clear how far 

 this exploit was not reallv due to the skilful dis- 

 positions of his colleague Demosthenes, hut Cleon 

 himself was highly elated with his success, and 

 many of his countrymen must have credited him 

 with military genius, for in 422 he was sent to 

 oppose Brasidas, the great Spartan general, in 

 Macedonia and Thrace. But for this task the 

 demagogue was insufficient, and he only saved his 

 character by falling in the battle fought under the 

 walls of Amphipohs. 



Our picture or Cleon has had the misfortune to 

 have been painted in unfavourable colours by such 

 masters as Thucydides and Aristophanes ; and, 

 as Grote has pointed out, it should be remembered 

 that the great historian was full of oligarchical 

 prejudices, while we know that Aristophanes girded 

 at other men about whose nobility of character 

 there is no doubt at all. Besides, it appears not 

 unlikely that both owed the demagogue a private 

 grudge ; the former for having leen banished at 

 Cleon's instance while holding a subordinate com- 

 mand, the latter because Cleon had complained to 

 the senate that in his comedv, The Babylonians, 

 Aristophanes had ridiculed his country's policy in 

 the face of foreigners, and that, too, in time of 

 war. Whether just or unjust the picture, Cleon 

 will live in the Kniqhts of Aristophanes as the 

 shifty and unscrupulous demagogue, lying and 

 pandering to the mob, which he Wfools for his own 

 selfish ends. In this comedy he is one of the 

 actual i/i-iniiiit/x /H'rttnittr. and this part the author 

 played himself, not being able to find an actor bold 

 to take it. 



Cleopa'tra* was daughter of the Egyptian 

 king. Ptolemy Auletes, and was born in 69 H.C. By 

 the will of her father, who died in 51, she should 

 have inherited the throne along with her younger 



