292 



CLEVEDON 



CLEVELAND 



an extensive traffic in the produce of the district, 

 and in the transit trade between Paris and the 

 south of France. There are several mineral springs 

 in the town, of which the iron spring of St Alyre 

 (65 F. ) has formed by deposits in the course of 

 ages two natural bridges. The bishopric of Cler- 

 mont was founded in 253 ; and seven ecclesiastical 

 councils were held here during the middle ages, 

 the most remarkable of which was that in 1095, at 

 which the first Crusade was instituted by Urban 'II. 

 A statue has been erected to Pascal, who, as well 

 as Gregory of Tours, was a native of Clermont. 

 Pop. (1872) 32,963 ; ( 1891 ) 41,950. (3) CLERMONT 

 L'HERAULT, 33 miles W. of Montpellier by rail, 

 with manufactures of leather and of cloth for the 

 army. Pop. (1891)5056. 



Clevedon, a pleasant Somersetshire watering- 

 place, on the Bristol Channel, 12 miles by road but 

 16 by rail WSW. of Bristol. The historian Hallam, 

 and Arthur, his son, lie in the old parish church ; 

 Coleridge lived a while here at Myrtle Cottage 

 (1795); and Clevedon Court (much damaged by fire 

 in 1882) is the 'Castlewood' of Thackeray's Esmond. 

 Pop. of parish (1851) 1905; (1891) 5412. 



Cleve'ite. See ARGON. 



Cleveland, a wild mountainous district, with 

 some picturesque fertile valleys, forming the east 

 part of the N. Riding of Yorkshire between Whitby 

 and the Tees. In the south the hills rise 1300 to 

 1850 feet. An extraordinary change has been 

 wrought in the aspect of the country by a rich 

 discovery of ironstone in the Cleveland hills ; since 

 1851, lonely hamlets have become populous towns. 

 The ironstone is chiefly an argillaceous carbonate, 

 inferior to that of the coal-measures. See MIDDLES- 

 BOROUGH, IRON. The title of Duchess of Cleveland 

 was conferred in 1670 by Charles II. (q.v. ) on his 

 mistress, Barbara Vilhers, and her eldest son 

 (Fitzroy) was first duke. In 1827 the marquisate 

 of Cleveland was bestowed on William Harry Vane, 

 Earl of Darlington ( whose grandfather married a 

 descendant of the first duke ) ; in 1833 he became 

 duke a title extinct since 1891. 



Cleveland, next to Cincinnati the most impor- 

 tant city of Ohio, and in population the tenth, in 

 1890, in the United States, is 

 situated at the mouth of the 

 Cuyahoga River, on the south 

 shore of Lake Erie, 255 miles by rail NE. of 

 Cincinnati, 183 SW. of Buffalo, and 350 E. of 

 Chicago. The city is built mainly upon a plain 

 from 60 to 150 feet above the lake, and is divided 

 into two great divisions, the east and west sides, 

 by the tortuous valley of the Cuyahoga. The 

 'flats,' about half a mile wide, along the river are 

 occupied by vast lumber-yards, numerous factories, 

 iron, flour, and other mills, coal-yards, ore docks, 

 ship-yards, &c. A wide and massive viaduct, 3211 

 feet long, constructed mainly of stone, and com- 

 pleted in 1878 at the cost of $2,250,000, crosses the 

 valley at the height of '50 to 70 feet ; and another 

 viaduct of iron (1888), 100' feet above the river 

 and 3931 feet long, makes a second broad level 

 highway between the two divisions of the city. 

 The river is the harbour, and is spanned by 

 numerous bridges. An outer harbour, safe anil 

 commodious, is completed by the construction of 

 an immense United States breakwater, about 2 

 miles long and half a mile from the shore, 

 opposite the mouth of the river, where there is a 

 large opening for vessels. The business centre of 

 Cleveland extends east from the lower part of the 

 river-valley, for three-fourths of a mile along 

 Superior Street, which is 132 feet wide, and the 

 chief shopping thoroughfare. It embraces several 

 parallel and intersecting streets. In this district is 

 the Public Square, 10 acres in area. The custom- 



copyright 1889, 1897, and 

 1SOO in the U. S. by J. B. 

 Lippiucott Company. 



house and post-office, a large btone structure, is 

 situated on the east side of the square, upon which 

 front also a court-house, the fine old ' Stone ' ( first 

 Presbyterian) Church, a theatre, an hotel, banks, 

 and many business blocks. This attractive breath- 

 ing spot contains fountains, a stone speakers' stand 

 for public meetings, and a statue of Commodore 

 Perry, the hero of the battle of Lake Erie in 

 1813. From the south-east corner of the square, 

 Euclid Avenue, the most famous street in the city, 

 and, according to Bayard Taylor and other travel- 

 lers, the most beautiful in the world, extends nearly 

 east through the best residence quarter of Cleve- 

 land. Four and a half miles from the square it 

 passes Wade Park, a beautiful tract of about 65 

 acres, containing a lake for boating, a deer pad- 

 dock, fountains, and groves of noble forest-trees. 



A mile farther east, just beyond the city limits, 

 is Lake View Cemetery, one of the finest in the 

 country. Here, on a commanding site, 250 feet 

 above Lake Erie, stands the stone monument to 

 the late President Garfield, built by subscrip- 

 tion at a cost of about $130,000. The monu- 

 ment is 125 feet high, and surmounts the presi- 

 dent's grave. Euclid Avenue is lined with stately 

 mansions upon a gentle eminence, 200 to 500 feet 

 from the Avenue, in a park-like stretch of shade- 

 trees, smooth lawns, flowers, shrubbery, and wind- 

 ing walks and drive-ways. The same wealth of 

 gardens and shade-trees is noticeable in a less degree 

 throughout the ' Forest City, ' except in the poorest 

 quarters. Few houses are built in blocks, and tene- 

 ments are virtually unknown. At least 20,000 

 families, it is believed, own the houses in which 

 they live, and the area of the city, 26 sq. rn., is 

 about 20 per cent, greater than that of Manhattan 

 Island, on which New York is mostly built. 

 About 19'5 sq. m. lie east of the river and 6'8 

 miles west. The soil is light and sandy, the 

 drainage excellent, and the water supplied from 

 Lake Erie by a tunnel, two pumping stations and 

 standpipes, and two large reservoirs, is pure and 

 abundant. The climate is temperate, the average 

 yearly rainfall being 37 '6 inches, and the mean 

 annual temperature 50 F. Naturally the death- 

 rate is low, averaging about 18 in the thousand of 

 population. Cleveland has a music-hall capable 

 of seating 5000 persons, 4 fine theatres and 6 of less 

 importance, 150 churches, 8 colleges 3 of which are 

 medical schools 7 hospitals, and many asylums and 

 other benevolent institutions. There are two large 

 circulating libraries, one, containing about 52,000 

 volumes, being free. The schools number about 

 100 ; and 60 periodicals, daily, tri-weekly, weekly, 

 and monthly, are published in the city. Cleveland's 

 rapid growth is due mainly to the fact that nowhere 

 else can the rich iron ores of Lake Superior, the coal 

 of Northern Ohio, and the limestone of the Lake 

 Erie islands, be brought together so cheaply. 

 The chief industries of the city are the various 

 manufactures of iron, including steel rails, forgings, 

 wire, bridges, steel and iron ships, engines, boilers, 

 nails, screws, sewing-machines, agricultural imple- 

 ments arid machinery of all kinds, the refining of 

 petroleum, wood-work, and other manufactures of 

 endless variety. In 1880 the value of manufactured 

 products was $48,600,000, the number of persons em- 

 ployed 21,700, and the capital invested $19,430,000. 

 At the census of 1890 the annual value of products 

 was $105,500,000, and 50,000 hands were employed. 

 In 1880-90 the vessel tonnage constructed in Cleve- 

 land, nearly all in steamships of 1500 to 2500 tons 

 burden, exceeded that built in the entire state of 

 Maine. The city has a commanding commercial 

 situation, due, primarily, to its position at the north 

 terminus of the Ohio Canal, connecting Lake Erie 

 with the Ohio River at the mouth of the Scioto. 

 The start obtained when the canal was opened in 



