CLEVELAND 



ri.H'HY 



293 



Copyright 1889, 1897, and 

 1*00 In the U.S. i.v J. B. 

 Llpplnootl Company. 



l::i has I ii maintained. Seven railroads termin- 

 ate in tin- city, ami two pass through it fnun east to 



wt-,t. Cleveland's lake < icrce is very great, the 



total tonnage entered and cleared annually exceed- 

 ing 3,OOU,UOO tons. Cleveland in the greatest 

 iron ore receiving jwtint in America, one of the 

 largest lumber markets in the country, and the 

 mercantile centre of an extend ve and productive 

 r.-irion. In 1796 a party under General Moses 

 Cleveland laid out the site of a town on this spot. 

 In 1809 Cleveland was chosen the seat of justice for 

 Cuyahoga county, and in 1814 the village was in- 

 corporated ; the city charter followed in 1836, since 

 which the growth has been very rapid. Pop. (1830) 

 1096; (1840) 6071; (1850) 17,034; (1860) 43,417, 

 Ohio City, on the opposite side of the river, having 

 been united with Cleveland in 1856 ; (1870) 92,829 ; 

 (1880) 160,146; ( 1890) 261,353 ; (1900) 381,768. 



Cleveland* GROVER, the twenty-second presi- 

 dent of the United States, for the terms 1885-89 

 and 1893-97, was born at Cald- 

 well, N. J., March 18, 1837. 

 In early life he removed to 

 the state of New York. In 1859 he was ad- 

 mitted to the bar, and began the practice of law 

 at Buffalo. From 1863 to 1866 he was assistant 

 district attorney for Erie county, and in 1870 was 

 chosen sheriff. After filling the office of mayor of 

 Buffalo, he was, in 1882, elected governor or New 

 York by an unexampled majority of more than 

 190,000 votes. His course as governor was ap- 

 proved by the best people of all parties. In 1884 

 lie was nominated by the Democrats for the chief- 

 magistracy of the United States. The canvass 

 which followed was one of extreme earnestness 

 and excitement. Cleveland received 219 electoral 

 votes (Blaine, the Republican candidate, securing 

 182); and the returns of the popular vote also 

 gave him a plurality. He took his seat as presi- 

 dent in 1885. In a unique and forcible message 

 to congress in December 1887 regarding the reduc- 

 tion of the great surplus in the national treasury, 

 he strongly advised a careful readjustment of the 

 tariff charges on certain manufactured articles of 

 import, and the admission duty-free of some of 

 the raw materials of manufacture a position 

 which led to a well-defined issue between the 

 two political parties. Protectionists classed the 

 president's message as a free-trade document, but 

 this was denied by the Democrats, and its doctrines 

 were adopted as the basis of the Democratic plat- 

 form at the convention of that party in 1888, when 

 Mr Cleveland was unanimously nominated for re- 

 election to the presidency. In the following August, 

 on the rejection of the proposed Fisheries Treaty 

 with Canada by the Republican majority in the 

 senate, the president sent a message to congress, 

 declaring a policy of ' retaliation ' against Canada 

 now necessary. In October he demanded the recall 

 of Lord Sackville, the British minister, for writing a 

 letter held to trench on American politics. At the 

 election in November, Cleveland was defeated by 

 the Republican candidate, General Harrison, over 

 whom, however, he secured a large majority in 

 November 1892. His next term of office was sig- 

 nalised by his zeal for currency reform, for the repeal 

 of the Silver Act, and against the high republican 

 tariff. In 1895 he suggested to the British govern- 

 ment the appointment of a commission to determine 

 the true boundary between British Guiana and 

 Venezuela. On retiring from the presidency ( 1897 ), 

 he settled at Princeton, N. J., and the same year 

 was made LL.D. of Princeton University. 



Cleveland, JOHN, cavalier poet, born at Lough- 

 bonragh in June 1613, the son or a clergyman ousted 

 by the parliament from the living of Hinckley in 1644. 

 In 1627-31 he wasat Christ's College, Cambridge, and 



then migrated to St John's College, where he 

 was elected to a fellowship in 1634, and lived nine 

 years ' the delight and ornament of St John's 

 society.' Here he studied both law and physic, 

 Cleveland vigorously opposed Cromwell's election 

 to the Long Parliament tor Cambridge, and was for 

 his loyalty ejected from his fellowship by the 



Earliament in 1644. He betook himself to the 

 ing's army, was popular among the cavaliers, and 

 was appointed ' judge-advocate ' at Newark, but 

 was obliged to surrender with the garrison. His 

 indignation at the Scotch army for handing over 

 the king to the parliamentarians he expressed in 

 some stinging verses, which, however, are too vio- 

 lent to be really strong. Henceforward Cleveland 

 lived upon the liospitahty of his partisans, and was 

 forced to keep his wit in check. In 1655 he was 

 arrested at Norwich, but was soon released by 

 command of Cromwell, whose magnanimous spirit 

 could admire the courageous manliness of the 

 poor poet's letter addressed to him. In 1656 he 

 published a small volume containing thirty-six 

 loyal poems, consisting of elegies upon Charles I. , 

 Strafford, Laud, and Edward King, the subject 

 of Milton's Lycidas, also some stinging satires. 

 Cleveland now went to live at Gray's Inn, where 

 he soon after died, April 29, 1658. In the year 

 1677 was published, with a short account of the 

 author's life, Clievelandi Vindicice, or ClerelantFs 

 Genuine Poems, Orations, Epistles, tkc. Cleveland 

 undoubtedly exercised a strong influence upon the 

 greater genius of Butler. Thomas Fuller com- 

 mends him as ' a general artist, pure latinist, 

 exquisite orator, and eminent poet. His epithets 

 were pregnant with metaphysics, carrying in them 

 a difficult plainness, difficult at the hearing, plain 

 at the considering thereof. ' 



Cleves (Ger. Kleve, Dutch Kleef), a town of 

 Rhenish Prussia, 48 miles NW. of Diisseldorf. It 

 is situated on three gentle elevations, about 2$ 

 miles from the Rhine, with which it communicates 

 by canal, in the midst of a rich and beautiful 

 country. It is well built, in the Dutch fashion, 

 and surrounded by walls. The fine old castle, 

 known as the Schwanenburg, partly built on a 

 commanding rock, is the reputed scene of the 

 legend of the Knight of the Swan, made familiar 

 by Wagner's opera of Lohengrin. Anne of Cleves, 

 fourth wife of Henry VIII., was born in this castle. 

 In the collegiate church, which dates from the 14th 

 century, are some good monuments to the counts 

 and dukes of Cleves. Cleves has manufactures of 

 cotton and leather goods, tobacco, &c. Pop. ( 1885) 

 10,170. Cleves was anciently the capital of a 

 duchy (a countship until 1416) extending along 

 both banks of the Rhine, which passed by inherit- 

 ance in 1609 to Brandenburg. 



Clew Bay, an inlet of the Atlantic, on the 

 west coast of County Mayo, Ireland, about 15 miles 

 long by 9 broad. The upper part of the bay con- 

 tains an archipelago of fertile and cultivated islets; 

 and at the entrance of the bay is Clare Island (3949 

 acres; pop. 62), which, as well as Inishgort (27 

 acres ; pop. 23 ), has a lighthouse. 



Cliche" ( Fr. ), the impression made by a die in 

 any soft metal. It is the proof of a medallist's or 

 die-sinker s work, by which they judge of the effect, 

 and ascertain the stage of progress which they have 

 reached Itefore the die is hardened. The same term 

 is applied by the French to electrotype caste from 

 wood -engravings. 



Cliehy, a town of France, on the Seine, to the 

 north-west of Paris, of which it forms a suburb. 

 It has numerous manufactories, especially of chem- 

 icals and catgut, and is much affected by washer* 

 women. Pop. (1886) 26,741 ; (1891) 30,561. 



