296 



CLIMBING PLANTS 



CLINTON 



daily what they wanted, and finding them as 

 lively as when just caught. Some related forms, 

 such as the walking fish ( Ophiocephalus), exhibit to 

 a less marked degree the same power of living 

 out of water. Closely related also is the Chinese 

 Macropod, not unfrequently kept for its beauty in 

 aquaria. Many of the genera make nests for the 

 eggs, over which the males frequently keep guard. 



Climbing Plants, or CLIMBERS, are, in the 

 most extensive and popular sense of the term, those 

 plants which, having weak stems, seek support 

 from other objects, chiefly from other plants, in 

 order to ascend from the ground. This, however, is 

 accomplished in very different ways. Some climb 

 by means of small root-like processes growing from 

 the stem, as the ivy ; others by means of hooks ( e.g. 

 Cleavers, q.v. ); others again twining round their 

 support e.g. hop, convolvulus, &c. ; and others, the 

 most evolved, by help of sensitive organs, which 

 are branches or leaves or leaf-stalks more or less 

 modified. The subject of climbing plants has been 

 worked out with peculiar fullness and interest in 

 Darwin's classical monograph. See also the sec- 

 tion MOVEMENTS OF PLANTS in the article Plants, 

 in this work; also the articles CLEMATIS, CON- 

 VOLVULUS, HONEYSUCKLE, HOP, IVY, LIANAS, 

 PASSIONFLOWER, VINE, &c. 



Clinical Medicine (Gr. kline, 'a bed') is 

 that department of the art which is occupied with 

 the investigation of diseases at the bedside of the 

 sick ; and a clinical lecture is one delivered to 

 students there. So with clinical surgeiy. Clinical 

 baptism is baptism administered to sick or dying 

 persons on their sick-bed ; a clinical convert is one 

 converted on his death-bed. 



Clinker, the name given to the scales or globules 

 of black oxide of iron, obtained from red-hot iron 

 under the blows of a hammer. The same term is 

 applied to the slags of iron-furnaces. By geologists 

 the cindery-like masses which form the crust of 

 some lava-flows are termed clinkers. 



Clinker-built, or CLENCHER-BUILT. See BOAT. 



Clinkstone, or PHONOLITE, is a greenish gray 

 or brownish compact or very finely crystalline igne- 

 ous rock, remarkable for its tendency to split into 

 slabs, which are now and then thin enough to be 

 used for rooting purposes. This structure is due to 

 the parallel arrangement of plate-like or tabular 

 crystals of sanidine felspar. The slabs give a 

 metallic ring or ' clink ' when struck with a hammer, 

 whence its name. Its essential mineral components 

 are sanidine and nepheline, but other minerals, 

 such as augite or hornblende, leucite and mag- 

 netite, are usually present. The rock has often a 

 porphyritic structure. 



Clinom'eter, an instrument for the purpose of 

 taking the amount of dip or angle of inclination of 

 a stratum. There are vai'ious kinds in use, but the 

 simplest consists of a strip of wood upon which is 

 mounted a graduated arc with a pendulum. When 

 this instrument is held horizontally, the pendulum 

 points to zero ; when it is held in a slanting posi- 

 tion, the pendulum shows the number of degrees 

 that the upper edge or the base of the strip deviates 

 from horizontality. The most useful form of clino- 

 meter is that which is combined with a compass 

 both these instruments being required in geological 

 observations. 



Clinton, ( 1 ) capital of Clinton county, Iowa, on 

 the Mississippi, which is here crossed by an iron 

 railroad bridge, 4000 feet long, 60 miles SSE. of 

 Dubuque by rail. It has numerous mills, foundries, 

 and factories, and a trade in lumber and grain. 

 Pop. (1870) 6129; (1890) 13,619. (2) A town of 

 Massachusetts, on the Nashua River, 45 miles W. 

 of Boston by rail. It has large manufactures of 



ginghams and plaids, carpets, combs, and machin- 

 ery. Pop. (1890) 10,424. (3) A post-village of 

 Oneida county, New York, 9 miles WSW. of 

 Utica, is the seat of Hamilton College (1812), a 

 Presbyterian foundation, with about 160 students, 

 and of several other noteworthy educational insti- 

 tutions. Pop. (1890) 1269. 



Clinton, a distinguished American family, 

 descended from Charles Clinton, who was born in. 

 Ireland in 1690, settled in New York state in 1731, 

 and died there in 1773. His third son, JAMES, born 

 in 1736, served with distinction against the French, 

 and as brigadier-general took part in several opera- 

 tions during the War of Independence. He died iii 

 1812. His brother, GEORGE, born in 1739, studied 

 law, and from 1768 sat in the New York assembly ; 

 in 1775 he was sent as a delegate to the second 

 Continental Congress, and in 1776 he was appointed 

 general of militia, serving against Sir Henry 

 Clinton on the Hudson. In 1777 he was chosen 

 first governor of New York, to which post he was 

 re-elected from 1780 to 1795, and in 1801 ; and to 

 him was due the first conception of the Erie Canal. 

 In 1804 he was chosen vice-president of the United 

 States, and in that office he died at Washington, 

 20th April 1812. James's son, DE WITT, born in 

 1769, was admitted to the New York bar in 1788, 

 and was private secretary to his uncle, then gover- 

 nor, from 1790 to 1795. He sat in the state legis- 

 lature (1797) and in the state senate ( 1798-1802) ; 

 and in 1802 he was elected to the United States 

 senate, but resigned in the same year on being 

 appointed mayor of New York by his uncle. In 

 this office he continued, save for two short inter- 

 vals, until 1815, holding other appointments at the 

 same time ; he was defeated by Madison in the 

 presidential contest of 1812. It was he who pressed 

 the adoption of the Erie Canal scheme ; the bill Avas 

 passed and Clinton elected governor of the state in 

 1817, and in 1825 he opened the canal. He was 

 several times re-elected in spite of the untiring 

 efforts of his political opponents, and died in office 

 at Albany, llth February 1828. He published a 

 number of addresses, some literary and historical, 

 which will be found in his Life by Campbell 

 (1849). 



Clinton, SIR HENRY, British general, born 

 about 1738, was the son of the Hon. George Clinton, 

 colonial governor of Newfoundland, and afterwards 

 of New York. He first entered the New York 

 militia, was gazetted to the Guards in 1751, served 

 with conspicuous gallantry on the Continent, and 

 was promoted colonel in 1762 and major-general in 

 1772. From 1772 to 1784 he sat in parliament in 

 the interest of his cousin, the Duke of Newcastle. 

 Sent to America in 1775, he fought at Bunker's Hill, 

 and in 1776 was repulsed in an attack on Charleston, 

 but was shortly afterwards knighted for his services 

 under Howe. After Burgoyne's surrender in 1778, 

 Clinton succeeded Howe as commander-in-chief of 

 the forces in North America, which he at once con- 

 centrated in New York. In 1780 he captured 

 Charleston and the entire southern army ; but after 

 Cornwallis' capitulation at Yorktown in 1781, 

 Clinton resigned his command and returned to 

 England, where in 1783 he published a Narrative 

 of the campaign. In 1794 he was appointed gover- 

 nor of Gibraltar, and died there, 23d December 

 1795. His two sons both rose to be generals in 

 the army and G.C.B.'s, the younger being one of 

 Wellington's favourite officers. 



Clinton, HENRY FYNES, a great classical 

 scholar, was born January 14, 1781, at Gamston, in 

 Nottinghamshire. He was educated at Southwell, 

 Westminster, and Christ Church, Oxford, where he- 

 graduated B.A. in 1803. He represented Aid- 

 borough in parliament from 1806 till 1826. He- 



