CLINTON GROUP 



CL1VK 



297 



died at Wehvyn, UrtoU-r '24, 1852. His great 

 works on (!reek and Roman chronology are un- 

 likelv ever to IK- superseded or forgotten. These 

 ere the l-'nsti llrlleniri ( 1K24 34), ami l-'nsti llnmnni 

 (1845-50). 



Clinton Group, name -/\\i-n in North America 

 to a Hiihdivisioii of the I 'ppcr Silurian strata. 



Clio* in (Jreek Mythology, the Muse of History 

 and Epic Poetry. She was represented as sitting 

 with a half-opened scroll in her hand, and a casket 

 for holding manuscripts at her feet. See MUSES. 



Clio* a genus of shell-less pelagic molluscs in the 

 class of Pteropods. They occur in myriad swarrns 

 in northern ( ( '. borealis) and southern ( C. australis) 

 seas, and along with such related fonns as Limacina 

 form the principal part of the food of some species of 

 whales. The whalers rightly call it 'whales' food.' 

 'I'll.' whale has simply to swim through a shoal with 

 its mouth open to engulf thousands. Clio is a small 

 animal of a spindle-shape, towards an inch in length, 

 with distinct head, bearing six tentacle-like pro- 

 M, which are sensitive and glandular, ana in 

 part used for laying hold of the prey of small 

 animals. It is active in habit, rising to the surface 

 when calm, or as rapidly sinking again. It swims 

 by means of two locomotor expansions of the ' foot.' 

 See PFEROPODA. 



Clipper is a name familiarly given to a sailing- 

 ship bunt expressly for speed. Aberdeen was long 

 celebrated for building swift tea-clippers, which 

 since 1860 have been gradually superseded by 

 steamers. The Baltimore clippers were also famous. 

 As to the possible rate of speed, it niay be noted 

 that the Liijlitiiinij, built at Boston, U.S., in 1854, 

 during a voyage from Melbourne to Liverpool ran 

 2550 English miles in one week, or at the rate of 

 about 15i miles an hour during the whole period. 



Clipping the Coin. See COINING. 



Clitlieroe, a municipal borough in Lancashire, 

 on the left bank of the Kibble, 35 miles N. of Man- 

 chester, and 225 NNW. of London by rail. It lies 

 on a low eminence of carboniferous limestone, at 

 the base of Pendle Hill, which is 1831 feet high. 

 Clitheroe has cotton and paper mills, and extensive 

 lime-quarries are wrought in the neighbourhood. 

 Its ruined castle, founded by Robert de Lacy in 

 the later part of the 12th century, was dismantled 

 by the parliamentarians in 1649. The free gram- 

 mar school dates from 1554. About 4 miles south- 

 west of Clitheroe lies Stonyhurst College (q.v. ). 

 Clitheroe has been a borough since about 1280. 

 Till 1832 it returned two members to parliament ; 

 till 1885, one. Pop. (1851) 7244; (1881) 10,176; 

 ( 1891 ) 10,815. See Whitaker's History of Whalley 

 and Clitheroe ( 1801 ; 4th ed. 1872-76). 



Clive, CAROLINE, novelist, was born in London, 

 24th June 1801, the daughter of Mr Meysey- 

 Wigley, M.P. for Worcester. In 1840 she married 

 the Rev. Archer Clive ; and, for several years a 

 great invalid, she died, through her dress catching 

 lire, at Whit field, Hereford, 13th July 1873. Be- 

 tween 1840 and 1872 she published eight volumes 

 of poems by 'V.', but she is best known by I'nnl 

 Ferroll (1855), a really strong sensation novel, 

 much superior to Why Paul Ferroll killed his 

 (1860). 



Clive. KIITV, comic actress, was born in Lon- 

 don in 1711, the daughter of William Raftor, a 

 Jacobite lawyer from Kilkenny. She came out at 

 Drury Lane about 1728, and chiefly at Drury Lane 

 she continued to play till 1769, when she quitted 

 the stage, and retired to Twickenham. About 1731 

 she had married George Clive, a barrister, but they 

 soon parted. She died at Little Strawberry Hill, 

 6th December 1785. Garrick, Handel, Horace 

 Walpole, and I)r Johnson all liked her, the last 



remarking to Boswell that 'in the M>rightliuM of 

 humour In- never had seen her equalled.' Anil of 

 him she said : ' I love to sit by Dr Johmton ; he 

 always entertains me.' See her Life by Percy 

 Fit/gerald ( 1H88). 



4'liv'. K'liii.KT, the creator of our Indian empire, 

 was Lorn at the manor-house of Styche, near 

 Market- Dray ton, 29th September 1725*. He was 

 the eldest of thirteen children ; his father, a lawyer 

 and small landowner, of a very old Shropshire 

 family. The lxy was brought up by an uncle near 

 Eccles. There, and at all his four schools Loatock, 

 Market-Drayton, Merchant Taylors', anil Menu-I- 

 ll cm pstead he proved a much better fighter than 

 scholar, a thorough young dare-devil ; and in 1743 

 he was packed ofl to India as a writer in the sen-ice 

 of 'John Company.' He reached Madras penniless, 

 and the drudgery of his life there moved him to 

 suicide. But the pistol snapped twice, and he flung 

 it from him, exclaiming : ' It appears I am destined 

 for something ; I will live.' 



The capture of Madras by the French (1746), 

 Clive's escape thence to Fort St David ( the scene 

 of his gallant duel with the card-sharper), his share 

 in its defence, in the fruitless siege of Pondicherry 

 (1748), and in the storming of Devikota (1749) 

 these events bring us up to the August of 1751, 

 and Clive's daring dash upon Arcot. He seized it, 

 and held its enormous citadel for eleven whole 

 weeks against 7000 natives and 120 French soldiers. 

 His own little force was reduced to 80 Englishmen 

 and 120 sepoys (splendid fellows these) ; but, after 

 a last desperate assault, the siege was raised ( 14th 

 November), and Clive followed up his success by 

 the victories of Ami and Kaveripak, and the cap- 

 ture of Kovilam and Chingalnat. 



In February 1753 he married Margaret Maskelyne, 

 sister to the astronomer, and immediately after 

 sailed with her for England, where he was pre- 

 sented with a diamond-hilted sword, cleared his 

 father's estate from encumbrances, stood for St 

 Michaels, but was unseated, and otherwise got 

 through a very fair fortune. 



So in October 1755 he was back in India, and a 

 twelvemonth later was summoned, with Admiral 

 Watson, from Madras, to avenge the atrocity of 

 the Black Hole. Calcutta was soon retaklen ; 

 Chandernagore, the French settlement, captured ; 

 and at Plassey, on 23d June 1757, Clive's 3200 men 

 (two-thirds of them sepoys) encountered Suraj ud 

 Dowlah's 50,000 with 40 to 50 French gunners. 

 The battle took eight hours to win, that truly 

 ' decisive battle of the world.' But its lustre wa 

 sullied by the only two blots on Clive's memory. 

 In his dealings with Mir Jaflier, the would-be next 

 nawab of Bengal, he had imposed on a go-between, 

 the merchant Omichand, with a fictitious treaty. 

 to which he had forged his colleague Watson's 

 signature ; and now from Mir Jaflier he accepted a 



S resent of upwards of 200,000. Both actions are 

 efended by Malcolm, both sternly condemned by 

 M.-K-ai'lay and Malleson. 



For three years sole ruler in all but name of 

 Bengal, Clive, in 1760, with a fortune of more than 

 40,000 a year, returned to England, to be hailed 

 by Pitt as 'a heaven-born general;' in India he 

 was known as Salxit Jung, ' the daring in war.' In 

 1761 he entered parliament as memler for Shrews- 

 bury ; in 1762 was raised to the Irish peerage as 

 Baron Clive of Plassey ; in 1764 was created a 

 Knight of the Bath. But meanwhile in India the 

 Company's afl'airs, through the dishonesty of its 

 servants, high and low, had fallen into the ntinn-t 

 disorder ; and ('live was the onlv man who could set 

 them right. He arrived at Calcutta in May ITii"'. 

 anil at once applied himself wisely and firmly to- 

 reform the civil sen-ice and re-establish military 

 discipline. This second governorship, lasting but 



