298 



CLOACA 



CLOGS 



twenty-two months, marks the beginning of our 

 Indian administration, as Plassey of our military 

 supremacy. 



Early in 1767 Clive quitted India, never to 

 return ; in all he had spent there less than a dozen 

 years. This time he came back to England poorer 

 than when he last left it ; but this time he came 

 Tjack to encounter a storm of obloquy. The energy 

 with which he had cleansed that Augean stable 

 had raised up a host of influential enemies, who 

 employed their influence to gratify their enmity, 

 to stir up ill-feeling against him. His early pro- 

 ceedings in India were in 1772 made the subject of 

 animadversion in parliament, and next year matter 

 for the inquiry of a select committee. He was 

 examined and cross-examined more like a sheep- 

 stealer than the Baron of Plassey. Indignation at 

 treatment so unmerited found vent at last in the 

 exclamation : ' By heaven, Mr Chairman, at this 

 moment I stand astonished at my own moderation. ' 

 The censure implied in the ultimate resolution was 

 hardly wiped out by its rider, that he ' did at the 

 ame time render great and meritorious services to 

 his country' (21st May 1773). Sickness, opium, 

 mental depression on 22d November 1774 Clive 

 <lied by his own hand. He is buried in the church 

 of Moreton Say, the parish that gave him birth. 



Clive's eldest son, Edward (1754-1839), was 

 governor of Madras 1798-1803, and in 1804 was 

 made Earl of Powis, having in 1784 married the 

 daughter of the last Herbert Earl of Powis. 



See AROOT, DUPLEIX, INDIA ; Sir John Malcolm's Life 

 of Clive ( 3 vols. 1836 ), with Macaulay's essay thereon ; 

 two works by Malleson (1882 and 1893); Sir Charles 

 Wilson's Clive (1890); Sir A. J. Arbuthnot's Clive 

 ( 1899 ) ; and Browning's Dramatic Idylls ( 2d series, 

 1880 ). For the conflicting accounts of the manner and 

 place of Clive's death, whether by penknife, razor, pistol, 

 or poison ; whether at his mansion in Berkeley Square, or 

 his Shropshire seat, Walcot Park, see Horace Walpole's 

 Letters to the Countess of Ossory ( i. 155 ) ; the Gentleman's 

 Magazine for September 1848, p. 227 ; and several articles 

 in Notes and Queries for 1888. 



Cloa'ca, in Zoology, the technical name for the 

 common terminal chamber into which the aliment- 

 ary canal, the genital and the urinary ducts, all 

 open. A cloacal chamber and aperture occurs in 

 many fishes, in all amphibians, reptiles, and birds, 

 ^ind in the three lowest mammals. In all other 

 mammals the urinogenital orifice is independent of 

 the end of the alimentary canal or anus. 



Cloa'ca Maxima, the most important of the 

 sewers of ancient Rome, according to tradition, con- 

 structed by Tarquinius Priscus, or by Tarquinius 

 Superbus, to drain off the stagnant waters of the 

 Velabra, a swampy land between the Capitoline 

 and Palatine hills on which the Forum and Circus 

 Maximus also stood. Running from the valley of 

 the Subura, under the Forum along the Velabrum, 

 it opened into the Tiber in an archway still 1 1 feet 

 wide by 12 feet high, consisting of three concentric 

 arches, built of large blocks of peperino stone, fixed 

 together without cement, of the uniform size of 

 rather more than 5 feet 5 inches long and 3 feet 

 high. The sewer was flushed by a continual stream 

 of superfluous water from the aqueducts. Large 

 portions of this and of the other cloacae remain 

 entire after two thousand years, but the greater 

 part is buried, by the accumulation of soil, at a 

 considerable depth below the present level of the 

 streets. During the Republic, the surveillance 

 of the Roman cloacae was one of the duties per- 

 formed by the censors. The cloaca maxima was 

 repaired oy Cato and his colleague in the censor- 

 ship. Agrippa, when aedile, obtained praise for his 

 exertions in cleansing and repairing the cloacae, and 

 is recorded to have passed through them in a boat. 

 Under the empire, officers called curatores cloa- 



carum urbis were appointed for their supervision. 

 So thoroughly was the city undermined by these 

 large sewers that Pliny calls it urbspensilis, a city 

 suspended in the air. Cloacina ('The Purifier ) 

 was a surname of the goddess Venus at Rome. 



Clocks. See HOROLOGY. 



Clodius. See CICERO. 



Clog Almanac, the name given in England 

 to a primitive kind of calendar or almanac, called 

 also a ' rim stock ' and ' prime 

 staff.' In Scandinavia it was 

 called a ' Runic staff,' from the 

 Runic characters used in its 

 numerical notation. It was 

 generally of wood ( Avhence its 

 name of ' clog ' i.e. log or 

 block), of about 8 inches in 

 length, but was sometimes of 

 brass, of bone, or of horn. 

 When of wood it was most 

 commonly of box ; but elm, fir, 

 and oak were also employed. 

 'This almanac,' says Dr Plot, 

 in his Natural History of 

 Staffordshire, written in 1686, 

 when it was still in use among 

 the common people of that 

 county, 'is usually a square 

 piece of wood, containing three 

 months on each of the four 

 edges. The number of days in 

 them are expressed by notches : 

 the first day by a notch with a 

 patulous stroke turned up from 

 it, and every seventh by a large- 

 sized notch. Some are perfect, 

 containing the dominical letters 

 as well as the prime and marks 

 for the feasts, engraven upon 

 them, and such are our prime 

 staves in the Museum at Oxford : others imper- 

 fect, having only the prime and immovable feasts 

 on them, and such are all those I met with in 

 Staffordshire. ' The marks on the left side, in the 

 figure, indicate the golden numbers of a cycle show- 

 ing the new moons throughout the year. On the 

 right side against the 6th January is a star, the 

 symbol of Epiphany ; against the 13th St Hilary is 

 shown by the bishop's double cross ; 25th, conver- 

 sion of St Paul, by an axe. The mark against the 

 first notch ( or New-year's Day ) symbolises the Cir- 

 cumcision of our Lord. Christmas was marked by 

 a horn, the sign of health-drinking notans cornua 

 exkaurienda, as Dr Plot quotes. Examples of the 

 clog almanac may be seen in the British Museum 

 (one cut apparently towards the end of the 17th 

 century) ; in the Ashmolean Museum and the 

 Bodleian Library at Oxford ; in St John's College, 

 Cambridge ; and in the Cheetham Library, at Man- 

 chester. It is described by the Swedish historian, 

 Olaus Magnus, in the 16th century ; and by the 

 Danish antiquary, Olaus Wormius, in the 17th 

 century. Some of the clog almanacs show a 

 peculiar numerical notation. The first four digits 

 are marked by dots ; the fifth, by a sign like the 

 Roman numeral V ; the next four, by this sign and 

 additional dots ; and the tenth, by the sign + . See 

 Chambers's Book of Days. 



Clogher, a decayed episcopal city of County 

 Tyrone, on the Blackwater, 15 miles SSE. of 

 Omagh. The Protestant Episcopal see is now 

 united to that of Armagh. The cathedral and 

 episcopal palace are handsome edifices ; but, though 

 formerly a parliamentary borough, the place is now 

 a mere village. Pop. 225. 



CloffS are a sort of shoes, the uppers of which 

 are leather and the soles of wood (specially alder 



Clog Almanac for 

 January. 



