CLOISONNEE 



CLOTILDA 



\\ I); iniirli ii-i-d in the north of England and 



*oiiih-w'st of Scotland, >j>cci;illy in winter. 



Cloisonnee. See ENAMEL. 

 Cloister (Fr. cloltre, clauttrum, ' an enclosure'). 

 a, covered passage or ambulatory running round 



Cloister, Kilconnel Abbey. 



the walls of certainportions of monastic and colle- 

 giate buildings. The cloister usually surrounded 

 or ran along three or four sides of a quadrangular 

 area, which was called the cloister garth, generally 

 situated on the south or sunny side of the church, 

 as shown under CHURCH in the ground-plan of 

 Durham cathedral. That of Salisbury, one of the 

 finest in the kingdom, is 195 feet square. The 

 roof of the cloister, which was often vaulted, was 

 supported on the side next to the quadrangle by 

 pillars and arches, which were frequently occu- 

 pied by tracery. The upper portions of these 

 arches above the mullions were often glazed ; and 

 sometimes latterly even the whole arches, so that 

 they became a row of windows, as at Gloucester. 

 Cloisters were used for exercise and recreation by 

 the inmates of the religious houses. Occasionally, 

 when wholly glazed, they had cells or stalls for 

 study on the inner side ; and very frequently a 

 stone bench may still be seen, which runs along the 

 >anif side. Many of the larger monasteries had 

 more cloisters than one ; and so characteristic were 

 they of the religious houses, that the term cloister 

 came to be used in a general sense for the whole 

 establishment, which is still the sense of the word 

 Master in German. See MONASTERY. 



Clonakilty, a seaport of County Cork, at the 

 head of Clonakilty Bay, 33 miles SW. of Cork, with 

 /several corn and flax mills, and a considerable trade 

 in grain. There are ' druidical ' remains in the 

 'neighbourhood. Pop. 3276. 



Clones, a town of County Monaghan, 94 miles 

 NW. of Dublin by rail, with spade manufactories, 

 corn-mills, and the remains of an abbey and of a 

 round tower. Pop. 2016. 



Clonfert, an ancient episcopal city of Ireland, 

 is in the extreme east of County Galway, and has 

 now a population of 2200. The bishopric was 

 founded in the 6th century, and ceased to be a 

 separate Anglican one in 1602, being ultimately 

 incorporated with Killaloe ; but it is still the see 

 of a Roman Catholic bishop. There is another 

 'Clonfert, a parish in County Cork. 



4 lonniH . a municipal l>orough in Tipperary 

 ;and \Vaterford counties, on the Suir, 135 miles S\V. 

 of Dublin by rail. It has flour-mills, and a trade in 

 agricultural produce, especially butter. In 1650 

 Cromwell besieged the town, and demolished the 

 castle. Clonmel gave birth to Sterne and Lady 

 Blessington, and was the chief scene of Smith 

 O'Brien's attempted rising in 1848. Till 1885 it 

 .sent a member to parliament. Here Bianconi ( q. v. ) 



first established hi* jaunting-can* ; and Cluutuel U 

 still a great tourist ct-iit;. !'<>p. (1891)8480. 



4'lontarf", a town in GVanty Dublin, 3 miles 

 I \l. nt Dublin city. It i- much frequented for 

 sea-bathing. Here, in 1014, Brian Bora woii a 

 great victory over the Danes. Pop. ( 1891 ) 5105. 



< loot/. JEAN BAPTISTE DU VAL DE GRACE, 

 BARON, letter known as Anachams Clootz, wag 

 perhaps the most singular of all the frothy enthu- 

 siasts brought to the surface of society by the 

 French Revolution. He was born near Cleves in 

 1755, and from his eleventh year was educated in 

 Paris. While still young he traversed Europe 

 under the name of Anacharsis, lavishing his money 

 to promote the union of all nations in one family. 

 In the French Revolution he saw the fulfilment of 

 his dreams. He constituted himself the ' orator of 

 the human race,' and wearied out the National 

 Assembly with his endless rant, at one time leading 

 in a tatterdemalion regiment of strangers dressed in 

 the costumes of different nations, at another raving 

 at Christianity and preaching in screams the wor- 

 ship of Reason. ' He gave his vote for the king's 

 death ' in the name of the human race.' With all 

 its folly his enthusiasm was honest, and he was at 

 once hated and feared by the jealous Robespierre, 

 who had him excluded as a noble from the Jacobin 

 Club, and at last involved him in St Just's im- 

 peachment of Hebert and his adherents. He was 

 guillotined, March 23, 1794, preaching materialism 

 to the last, and protesting against his sentence, as 

 usual, ' in the name of the human race. ' Of his 

 absurd books, may be named : Certitude des Preuves 

 du Mohammedisme (Lond. 1780), L'Orateur du 

 Genre Hwnain ( 1791 ), and Base Constitutionnelle de 

 la Republique du Genre Huinain (1793). See his 

 Life by Avenel (2 vols. Paris, 1865). 



Close, in England, specially the precincts of a 

 cathedral. In Scotland the word means a narrow 

 side-street, or a passage leading to a court, or to 

 the stair of a block of tenements. 



Close Time, the time during which game, 

 certain wild birds, salmon, and some other fish 

 may not be shot or caught, varies for the different 

 animals and for different places. Lists of the dates 

 may be found in such almanacs as Whitaker's ; 

 and see WILD-FOWL, SALMON, TROUT, &c. 



Closterseven. See CUMBERLAND (DuKE OF). 



Closure (formerly in the French form cltiture), 

 the name used for a power given in 1882 to the 

 Speaker of the House of Commons, or chairman 

 of committees, to close a debate when it seems 

 to him that the subject has been discussed, and he 

 is authorised to do so by a motion duly supported. 

 For the rules of procedure, see PARLIAMENT. 



Clotaire I. (Hlothar), son and successor of 

 Clovis (q.v.), first king of the Franks in Gaul, 

 reigned as sole king from 558 to 561. CLOTAIKE 

 II., of the same Merovingian dynasty, reigned over 

 the Franks thirty years later. See FRANCE. 



Cloth. See (under WOOL) WOOLEN CLOTH 

 MANUFACTURE and WORSTED MANUFACTURE. 



Clothes-moth. See MOTHS. 



Clotho, one of the Fates. See FATE. 



Clotho, a genus of spiders which spins a curious 

 tent for itself and its young. See SPIDERS. 



Clotilda, ST, born in 475, was the daughter of 

 Chilperic, king of Burgundy, and in 493 became 

 wife of Clovis, king of the Franks. She was the 

 chief means of securing the conversion of her 

 husband to Christianity, and largely influenced his 

 life. After his death she lived a life of austerity 

 at Tours, where she died in 545. She was canon- 

 ised a few years after. Her remains were buried 

 in the church of St Genevieve at Paris, and burnt 



