302 



CLOVE BARK 



CLOVER 



1848 from Oriel. A little earlier he had published 

 his first long poem, the Bothie of Tober-na- Vuolich, 

 a ' Long Vacation pastoral ' in hexameter verse. 

 He next spent some time in travelling in France 

 and Italy, part of the time with Emerson, and 

 was appointed on his return (October 1849) War- 

 den of University Hall, London. His life here 

 was far from congenial to him, but he found 

 much help in the warm friendship of Carlyle. 

 At Rome, in 1849, he had written his Amours 

 de Voyage, and at Venice, during a holiday in 

 1850, he wrote Dipsychus. In 1852 he resigned 

 his office, and sailed to America ; but an examiner- 

 ship in the Education Office soon recalled him to 

 England. In June 1854 he married, and the 

 remaining seven years of his life were spent in 

 the calm peace of domestic happiness, free at once 

 from the unrest of religious perplexity and the 

 vexation of his earlier monetary liabilities under- 

 taken for the sake of his father's business. In 

 the spring of 1856 he was nominated secretary to 

 the Commission for examining scientific military 

 schools on the Continent, and the duties of this 

 office carried him to France and to Vienna. But 

 his health now began to give way, and he was 

 advised by his physicians to travel. After visits to 

 Greece, Constantinople, the Pyrenees, and Italy, he 

 was carried off at Florence by paralysis succeeding 

 a malarial fever, November 13, 1861. 



dough's poetry reflects with absolute sincerity 

 all the spiritual unrest and conflict of his life, his 

 passionate love of truth, and intense longing for 

 reality. His few short lyrics are almost perfect in 

 form and matter, but, as an artist in words, his best 

 gift was perhaps his undeniable humour, which is 

 of a rare and indeed exceptional quality. But 

 his true significance is that pointed out with sure 

 insight by Mr Lowell : ' We have a foreboding 

 that Clough, imperfect as he was in many respects, 

 and dying before he had subdued his sensitive tem- 

 perament to the sterner requirements of his art, will 

 be thought a hundred years hence to have been the 

 truest expression in verse of the moral and intel- 

 lectual tendencies, the doubt and struggle towards 

 settled convictions, of the period in which he lived.' 



Clough is the subject of Matthew Arnold's elegy 

 Thyrsis, one of the finest tributes of passionate 

 admiration to the dead in the English language, 

 almost worthy indeed to be compared with the 

 Lycidas of Milton, the Adonais of Shelley, and the 

 In Memoriam of Tennyson. No truer words have 

 been spoken of Clough than these : 



The music of his rustic flute 

 Kept not for long its happy country tone ; 

 Lost it too soon, and learnt a stormy note 

 Of men contention-tost, of men who groan, 

 Which tasked his pipe too sore, and tired his throat. 



See Samuel Waddington's Monograph ( 1882 ). A col- 

 lected edition of dough's Poems was published in 1862, 

 with a memoir by F. T. Palgrave, and his Poems and 

 Prose Remains, edited by his wife, with an admirable 

 short memoir, in 2 vols. in 1869. 



Clove Bark, a name vaguely used for various 

 aromatic drugs ; some belonging to the clove, 

 others to the cinnamon alliance. To the former 

 class belong the bark of Eugenia caryophyllata of 

 Ceylon, &c. ; to the latter, the Culilawan bark 

 ( Cinnamomum Culilawan ) of the Moluccas. 



Clovelly, a coast village of North Devon, 

 11 miles WSW. of Bideford. From its rude little 

 pier it climbs 400 feet upwards in a steep narrow 

 combe, white house rising over white house, and 

 all nestling in flowers and greenery. Dickens 

 describes it in A Message from the Sea. Pop. of 

 parish, 787. 



Clover, or TREFOIL (Trifolium), a genus of 

 Leguminosse, sub-order Papilionacese, containing a 

 great number of species, natives chiefly of temperate 



climates, abounding most of all in Europe, and 

 some of them very important in agriculture as. 

 affording pasturage and fodder for cattle. The 

 name clover is indeed popularly extended to many 

 plants not included in tnis genus, but belonging 

 to the same natural order, and agreeing with it in 

 having the leaves formed of three leaflets, par- 

 ticularly to those of them which are cultivated for 

 the same purposes, and sometimes collectively 

 receive from farmers the very incorrect designation 

 of artificial grasses, in contradistinction to natural 

 grasses i.e. true grasses. See MEDICK and MELI- 

 LOT. The true clovers (Trifolium) have herb- 

 aceous, not twining stems ; roundish heads or 

 oblong spikes of small flowers ; the corolla remain- 

 ing in a withered state till the ripening of the 

 seed ; the pod inclosed in the calyx ; and con- 

 taining one or two, rarely three or four seeds. 

 About 20 species belong to the flora of Britain, and 

 many are North American. The most important of 

 all to the farmer is the Common Red Clover (T. 

 pratense), a native of Britain and of most parts 

 of Europe, naturalised in America, and growing in 

 meadows and pastures. It is a perennial, but is 

 generally treated as if it were a biennial. This 

 plant was formerly reputed very noisome to witches ; 

 knights and peasants wore the leaf as a potent 

 charm against their arts. The Zigzag Clover 

 (T. 'medium), also called Meadow Clover, Marl- 

 grass, and Cow-grass, much resembles the Common 

 Red Clover, but is easily distinguished by the 

 stems being remarkably zigzag, and more rigid 

 than in T. pratense ; the heads of flowers are 

 larger, more lax, more nearly globose, and of a 

 deeper purple colour ; and the leaflets have no 

 white spot. It is a common plant in Britain and 

 most parts of Europe, and grows sparingly in the 



A, White Clover (Trifolium repens). 



B, Red Clover (Trifolium pratense). 



United States. White or Dutch Clover ( T. repens) 

 is also a common native of Britain and of most 

 parts of Europe, and grows everywhere in North 

 America. When a barren heath is turned up 

 with the spade or plough, White Clover almost 

 always appears. This is sometimes but errone- 

 ously called the Shamrock (q.v.). The flowers 

 of all kinds of clover are the delight of bees, 

 but those of this species perhaps particularly so. 

 Alsike Clover (T. hybridum), a perennial species 

 introduced from the south of Sweden about 1850, 



