304 



CLOVIS 



CLUB-RUSH 



able reputation as a cure for toothache. It is also 

 employed in the scenting of soap, and by the 

 distiller. Tincture of Cloves is obtained by treating 

 cloves with alcohol for several days, and then 

 straining, or by a solution of the oil of cloves in 

 spirits of wine. It is added, in medicine, to 

 stomachic, tonic, and purgative mixtures. Cloves 

 are adulterated by adding to the fresh spice more 

 or less of the buds from which the oil has been dis- 

 tilled, and which are thereby rendered practically 

 worthless. The exhausted buds are made to 

 appear fresh by rubbing them between the hands 

 moistened with sweet oil, or otherwise varnishing 

 them with a thin coating of oil. 



Clovis ( old Ger. Chlodwig, modern Ger. Ludwig, 

 Fr. Louis], king of the Franks, was of the Mero- 

 vingian race, and was born 465 A.D. By the death 

 of his father, Childeric (481), he became king of 

 the Salian Franks, whose capital was Tournai. 

 His first achievement was the overthrow of the 

 Gallo- Romans under Syagrius, near Soissons. He 

 then took possession of the whole country between 

 the Somme and the Loire, and established himself 

 in Soissons. In 493 he married Clotilda, daughter 

 of a Burgundian prince. His wife was a Christian, 

 and earnestly desired the conversion of her husband. 

 In a great battle with the Alemanni near Cologne, 

 Clovis was hard pressed, and as a last resource 

 invoked the god of Clotilda, offering to become a 

 Christian on condition of obtaining the victory. 

 'The Alemanni were routed, and on Christmas Day 

 of the same year Clovis and several thousands of 

 his soldiers were baptised by Remigius, Bishop of 

 Rheims. Most of the Western Christian princes 

 were Arians, but Clovis was strictly orthodox, and, 

 in consequence, was saluted by Pope Anastasius 

 as the 'Most Christian King.' In 507, love of 

 conquest concurring with zeal for the orthodox 

 faith, Clovis marched to the south-west of Gaul 

 against the heretic Visigoth, Alaric II., whom he 

 defeated and slew at Vougle, near Poitiers, taking 

 possession of the whole country as far as Bordeaux 

 and Toulouse ; but he was checked at Aries in 507, 

 by Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths. Clovis now 

 took up his residence in Paris, where he died in 

 511. His great aim was the subjugation of all 

 the Frankish princes, and the union of the whole 

 Frankish people into a single powerful kingdom. 

 Clovis II., son of Dagobert, reigned over the 

 Franks from 638 to 656. 



Clowes, WILLIAM, an Elizabethan surgeon of 

 distinction, was born about 1540, became surgeon 

 .at St Bartholomew's Hospital, served with Leicester 

 in the Low Countries, and also on board the fleet 

 that defeated the Spanish Armada. He became 

 surgeon to the queen, and after a prosperous 

 practice in London retired to a country house in 

 Essex, where he died in 1604. He wrote five books 

 in clear and vigorous English, of which two long 

 continued popular : A Prooved Practise for all 

 Young Chirurgians ( 1591 ), and A Treatise on 

 the Struma (1602). 



Clown. See JESTERS (COURT), PANTOMIME. 



Cloyne, an ancient episcopal town of County 

 Cork, 15 miles ESE. of Cork. The cathedral was 

 founded in the 6th century by St Colman : opposite 

 is a finely preserved round tower over 90 feet high. 

 About 1430 the see was united to that of Cork, 

 separated in 1678, and reunited in 1835 ; the town 

 still gives its name to a Roman Catholic diocese. 

 Berkeley was Bishop of Cloyne (1734-53). Pop. 

 1126. 



Clubbing, in cabbages, turnips, and other 

 plants of the genus Brassica, a diseased growth of 

 tubercular excrescences in the upper part of the 

 root or lower part of the stem, caused by the larva? 

 of the Cabbage-fly (q.v.) and of other insects, by 



which the vigorous growth of the plant is pre- 

 vented, and crops are often much injured. It is 

 common for gardeners to cut away these excres- 

 cences, with their contained larvae, in planting out 

 young cabbages, &c. ; and where they are not so 

 numerous that the injury done by the knife is 

 necessarily great, this plan succeeds very well. 

 Dressings of gas-lime applied to the soil some time 

 before planting is the best preventive of this evil ; 

 but change or crop, when practicable, is of all 

 things the most commendable. Clubbing is some- 

 times confounded with Anbury (q.v.), from which 

 it is quite distinct. 



Club-foot (Lat. talipes) is a distortion of the 

 foot primarily due to shortening occurring in one or 

 other of the groups of muscles which carry out its 

 intricate movements ; subsequently, this error in 

 the muscular activity becomes aggravated by 

 shortening of the ligaments which bind the bones 

 together, and ultimately the shape of the bones 

 themselves becomes altered so as to constitute a 

 very serious deformity, difficult to correct. In the 

 majority of cases the condition is congenital, and at 

 the time of birth it is usually only the muscular 

 structures that are affected. Thus it is of great 

 importance to recognise its presence early in life ; 

 for until the ligaments and oones become altered, 

 it may be remedied by very simple means, such as 

 manipulation and electric stimulation of the affected 

 groups of muscles. If these simple measures 

 appear ineffectual, recourse must be had to the 

 division of the tendons (Tenotomy, q.v.), by which 

 the shortened muscles are attached to the bones of 

 the foot. The foot thus freed from the cause of the 

 distortion, should be placed at rest in good position 

 within an immovable apparatus, such as a plaster 

 of Paris case, until healing of the tendons has 

 occurred. The weakened parts should then be 



Club-feet : 

 A, Talipes equinus ; B, Talipes varus. 



exercised by suitable manipulations which restore 

 their strength. In very bad cases it may be 

 necessary to remove portions of the distorted bones 

 and thus restore the natural shape of the foot. 



These affections are very markedly hereditary, 

 and they are in all probability due to disordered 

 function in the nerves leading to the affected 

 muscles, or in the brain or spinal cord, in which 

 these nerves have their origin. Four chief varieties 

 of club-foot are recognised by surgeons : ( 1 ) Talipes 

 equinus (fig. A), in which the heel is drawn up, 

 and the patient walks on the under surfaces of the 

 toes; (2) Talipes calcaneus, in which the reverse 

 condition is present, and the patient walks on the 

 heel only ; (3) Talipes varus (fig. B), in which the 

 patient walks on the outer border of the foot ; and 

 (4) Talipes valgus, where the inner edge of the 

 sole alone touches the ground. See DEFORM- 

 ITIES. 



Clllb-mOSS. See LYCOPODIACEiE. 



Club-rush. See SCIRPUS. 



