306 



CLUGNY 



CLYDE 



See Ned Ward, The Secret History of Clubs of all 

 Descriptions (1709); Ward, Account of all the most 

 Remarkable Clubs and Societies in London and Westmin- 

 ster ( 1750 ) ; C. Marsh, The Clubs of London, with A nec- 

 dotes of their Members ( 2 vols. 1832 ) ; The London Clubs 

 (1853); Admiral W. H. Smyth, Sketch of the Royal 

 Society Club (4to, 1860); J. Timbs, Club-life in London 

 (2 vols. 1866) ; J. Strang, Glasgow and its Clubs (1857); 

 W. Arnold, The Sublime Society of Beef/steaks (1871); 

 Col. G. J. Ivey, Clubs of the World (1880); Sir P. G. 

 E^erton, Grillion's Club ( privately printed, 1880-) ; 

 Club-Almanach (Paris, 1883^84, discontinued) ; L. Fagan, 

 The Reform Club (4to, 1887); F. G. Waugh, Mem- 

 bers of the AthencKum Club (1824-87; privately printed, 

 1888). The rights and obligations of members are dis- 

 cussed by A. F. Leach, Club Cases (1879), and J. Wer- 

 theimer, Law relating to Clubs (1885). 



Clugny* or CLUNI, an industrial town in the 

 French department of Sa6ne-et-Loire, on the 

 Grosne, 15 miles NW. of Macon by rail. Pop. 

 3653. The famous Benedictine abbey, founded 

 here in 910 by the Duke of Aquitaine, had two 

 centuries later attained a degree of splendour and 

 influence unrivalled by any similar institution of 

 the middle ages ; at its height, Clugny stood 

 second to Rome alone as a chief centre of the 

 Christian world. It was the asylum of kings, the 

 training-school of popes ; its abbot took rank above 

 all others, issued his own coinage, and was a power 

 in the political world ; it was enormously wealthy, 

 and covered Europe with its affiliated foundations. 

 Two hundred priors of subordinate houses assem- 

 bled here in the 12th century, and in the 15th 

 century there were said to be over 2000 religious 

 houses that were offshoots of or connected with the 

 abbey in France, Italy, Spain, England, Germany, 

 and Poland ; although the alphabetical list of 

 Clugniac foundations in the 15th century, at the 

 end of the Bibliotheca Cluniacensis, represents only 

 825. In England the extension of the order dates 

 from the Conquest ; William and his successors 

 were devoted to Clugny, and numerous foundations 

 were shortly established, of which the priory of 

 Lewes ( 1077) became the chief. At their ultimate 

 suppression in 1539 these numbered 35, exclusive 

 of such Scottish foundations as Paisley and Cross- 

 raguel. In the 16th century, the conventual 

 buildings at Clugny covered upwards of 25 acres. 

 The grand basilica or abbey church, commenced by 

 St Hugh, the eighth abbot, in 1089, and dedicated 

 by Pope Innocent II. in 1131, was, until the con- 

 struction of St Peter's at Rome, the largest church 

 in Christendom. Of this magnificent and imposing 

 pile one tower and part of the transept alone 

 remain ; the site of the nave is traversed by a road. 

 The abbey, over which cardinal-ministers and 

 princes of the blood had once ruled as cornmendator- 

 abbots (see COMMENDAM ), had outlived both its 

 utility and its importance ; it was no longer a great 

 seat of learning, and its 300 monks had dwindled to 

 40, when in 1790 the order to whom Pope Urban II. 

 had said, ' Ye are the light of the world,' was 

 finally suppressed. Its library was the richest and 

 most important in France, and its archives are of 

 the greatest value to monastic history and that of 

 the early Norman kings of England. In 1562 the 

 Huguenots sacked the abbey and scattered its 

 records ; but most of this literary treasure was 

 afterwards wonderfully recovered. Many records 

 were burned along with religious books by the mob 

 in 1793, and the library was again scattered ; it 

 was generally supposed that nothing had survived, 

 but in 1829 no fewer than 225 folio and quarto 

 volumes of charters and MSS. were discovered in 

 the town-hall, of which many are preserved in the 

 Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, and some have 

 found their way to the British Museum. For those 

 relating to England, see Sir G. F. Duckett's valu- 

 able Record-Evidence of Cluni (1886), and Charters 



and Records of Cluni (1888). See also the works 

 of Pignot, the historian of the order, Lorain, 

 Penjon, Cuche"rat, and Champly. The ancient 

 palace in Paris of the Abbots of Clugny became in 

 1833 a museum of antiquities. 



Clumber, a seat of the Duke of Newcastle 

 3 miles SE. of Worksop. It has given name to 

 a breed of Spaniels. See SPANIEL. 



Climes, a gold-mining township of Victoria, 119 

 miles NW. of Melbourne. Pop. 4717. 



Clupeidae. See HERRING, SARDINE, SPRAT. 



Clll'sia, a genus of tropical trees and shrubs 

 of the order Clusiacere or Guttiferae (q.v. ), some 

 of which are commonly called Balsam trees, from 

 their resinous or balsamic products. They are 

 very often epiphytes, growing on larger trees, 

 but also take root in the ground. C. rosea, a 

 native of the West Indies and tropical America, 

 yields a resin, which is used as an external applica- 

 tion in veterinary medicine, and for covering boats 

 instead of pitch. The abundant resin exuding 

 from the disc of the flowers of C. insignis, the 

 Wax-flower of Demerara, is used to make a gently 

 stimulating and soothing plaster. The name was 

 given in honour of the botanist and traveller 

 Clusius, or Charles de Lecluse (1526-1609). 



Clusium. See CHIUSI. 



Clwyd, a river of North Wales, rises on Craig 

 Bronbanog, in Denbighshire, and enters the Irish 

 Sea after an irregular course of 30 miles. Below 

 Ruthin it flows through the fertile Vale of Clwyd, 

 24 miles long, and 2 to 7 wide. 



Clyde (Welsh Clwyd, 'strong'), a world-famous 

 river and firth of south-west Scotland. The river 

 rises as Daer Water at an altitude of 1600 feet, 

 and runs 106 miles northward and north-westward, 

 round Tinto Hill (2335 feet), and past Lanark, 

 Both well, Glasgow, and Renfrew, till at Dumbar- 

 ton it merges in the firth. Its drainage area is 

 estimated by Sir John Hawkshaw at 1481 sq. m., 

 of which 111 belong to the South, North, and 

 Rotten Calders, 127 to the Kelvin, 200 to the Black 

 and White Carts, and 305 to the Leven and Loch 

 Lomond. Tributaries higher up are Powtrail 

 Water, Little Clydes Burn, Douglas Water, Med- 

 wyn Water, Mouse Water with its deep gorge 

 through the Cartland Crags, and, near Hamilton, 

 the Avon. Of these, Little Clydes Burn, rising 

 close to head-streams of the Tweed and the Annan, 

 is often wrongly regarded as the Clyde's true 

 source. In the four miles of its course near 

 Lanark the river descends from 560 to 200 feet, 

 and forms the four celebrated Falls of Clyde 

 Bonnington, Corra, Dundaff, and Stonebyres Linns, 

 of which the finest, Corra, makes a triple leap of 

 84 feet. Above the falls the Clyde is a beauti- 

 ful pure trout-stream, traversing pastoral uplands ; 

 below, it flows through a rich fertile valley, here 

 broadening out into plain, there pent between bold 

 wooded banks. But its waters oecome more and 

 more sluggish, begrimed, and polluted, the nearer 

 they get to Glasgow, where experiments made 

 with floats in 1857-58 showed that the sewage 

 sometimes took a whole week to travel only 2 

 miles. Since 1765 upwards of ten millions sterling 

 has been expended on rectifying and deepening the 

 channel from Glasgow to Dumbarton, no less than 

 32,261,776 cubic yards of materials having been 

 lifted by steam-dredgers during 1844-87. The 

 result has been that whereas 'a hundred years 

 ago there was a depth at low- water of 15 inches, 

 now they have at Glasgow from 18 to 20 feet at 

 low- water ; ' and that whereas even lighters could 

 once ' not pass to and from Glasgow except it be 

 in the time of flood or high-water at spring-tides,' 

 now a steamer has been docked at Glasgow that 



