308 



COACHING 



COAL 



Home, Sherman, Nelson, and Mountain ; the two 

 first named having the judgment to discern that 

 the railways would eventually drive coaches off the 

 road, threw in their lot with the London and 

 Birmingham Railway. It was not till after George 

 IV. came to the throne that coaching reached the 

 zenith of its fame in respect of organisation, pace, 

 appointments, and one may, perhaps, say coachman- 

 ship as well. The ' palmy days,' concerning which 

 so much has been written, began about 1820, and 

 coaching was possibly at its most perfect pitch 

 about 1836. For about four years it enjoyed this 

 repute, and then the downward journey, far more 

 rapid than the upward one, began ; one by one 

 coaches were taken off ; coaching inns became road- 

 side public-houses ; coachmen and guards found 

 other occupations, or migrated to the workhouse ; 

 stables were emptied, and admiration for coaching 

 gave way to appreciation of railroad-travelling. 



Of amateur coachmen and coachmanship in the 

 last century comparatively little is known ; but, 

 when good roads were the rule instead of the 

 exception, ' gentleman coaching ' became a fashion- 

 able amusement. Mr John Warde, the famous 

 master of foxhounds, was a renowned whip, to 

 whom were due the thanks of the old coachmen for 

 having originated the idea of placing springs under 

 the coach-box. The name of Peyton has ever been 

 connected with the annals of the road ; the Messrs 

 Walker, Sir St Vincent Cotton, the Marquis of 

 Worcester, Mr Henry Villebois, Mr Maxse, Mr 

 Jerningham, Mr Sackville Gwynne, Sir Belling- 

 ham Graham, Mr Stevenson, Hon. Fitzroy Stan- 

 hope, Hon. T. Kenyon, Colonel Sibthorpe, and Mr 

 C. Buxton are among the number of those who 

 patronised the road by every means in their power. 

 Others, scarcely less enthusiastic, succeeded them, 

 until there were no road-coaches to be driven. 

 So far as London is concerned, the link between 

 the past and present was broken in the year 1858, 

 when the Brighton 'Age, 'under the management 

 of Clarke, assisted by the Duke of Beaufort and 

 Sir George Wombwell, was given up ; and for eight 

 years there was no road-coach running out of 

 London. But the love for the road was only 

 slumbering, it was not dead ; and it was on the 

 Brighton road that the first step was taken in the 

 coaching revival in 1866. In that year Captain 

 Haworth, Captain Laurie, and a few others, started 

 the ' Old Times ' to Brighton. At the end of the 

 season the confederacy was broken up, and in 1867 

 the Duke of Beaufort, Mr Chandos Pole, and Mr 

 B. J. Angel took the road, running a coach each 

 way daily. Between then and the present time 

 coaches have been started to Sevenoaks, Tunbridge 

 Wells, Virginia Water, Dorking, Sunbury, High 

 Wycombe, Westerham, Reigate, Watford, Windsor, 

 Rochester, Guildford, Portsmouth, Maidenhead, 

 &c. Some only lasted a short time, and since the 

 revival began there have been many changes in 

 routes and proprietors. Thus in 1884 only four 

 coaches were left, the Brighton road being vacant ; 

 whilst in 1888 there were eight coaches running 

 out of London, and three of them on the Brighton 

 road. From time to time coaches have also been 

 put on in the provinces. 



The year 1877 was a somewhat memorable one in 

 the annals of modern coaching, as on 4th November 

 the ' Old Times ' was put on to St Albans, and has 

 run every ' lawful day ' since without a break, 

 though not always on the same route. In 1888 it 

 was put upon the Brighton road, and on the llth 

 July James Selby, its coachman since 1877, drove 

 from Piccadilly to Brighton and back in seven 

 hours fifty minutes, the outward journey being 

 accomplished in three hours fifty minutes and ten 

 seconds. This performance, though a good one, is 

 not a ' record,' as in 1837 Israel Alexander, a pro- 



fessional on the Brighton road, drove down with the 

 Queen's first speech in three hours forty minutes. 



The meets of the Four-in-hand Driving Club and 

 the Coaching Club are justly regarded as among 

 the sights of the season. The former is the more ex- 

 clusive as well as the elder, having been established 

 in 1856, chiefly at the suggestion of Mr W. Morritt. 

 The club could not entertain one qviarter of the 

 applications for membership, so in 1870 the Coach- 

 ing Club was established, and has been gradually 

 increasing in size. For the first driving club of 

 which we have any account, we must go back to 

 the year 1807, the date of the establishment of the 

 Bensington Driving Club the B.D. C. it was gener- 

 ally known as which was limited to twenty-five 

 members. For the first sixteen years of the club's 

 existence its members used to drive down two days 

 in the season to Bensington, near Wallingford, 

 in Oxfordshire, and twice to Bedford ; but in 1823 

 the Bensington gatherings were given up. A 

 second, club was founded in 1808 by Mr Charles 

 Buxton. The new association was called the Four- 

 horse Club ; but it was sometimes, though wrongly, 

 designated as the Whip Club, and the Four-in-hand 

 Club. The Four-horse Club was broken up in 1820, 

 was revived in 1822, but became extinct altogether 

 about 1829. The B.D.C. was then the only body of 

 the kind until 1838, when Lord Chesterfield estab- 

 lished the Richmond Driving Club, the members 

 of which, after meeting at Chesterfield House, drove 

 to Richmond for dinner. This club, however, came 

 to an end after nine or ten years ; and in 1852 

 the B.D.C. was broken up. From that time there 

 was no driving club until the present Four-in-hand 

 Driving Club was founded as already mentioned. 

 See Driving, by the Duke of Beaufort ( Badminton 

 series, 1888). 



Coadjll'tor (Lat.), a fellow-worker, not as 

 principal but as second, an assistant. Technically, 

 it is applied in ecclesiastical law to one appointed 

 to assist a bishop, whom age or infirmity has dis- 

 abled. If a bishop or archbishop is too ill to 

 execute a resignation, the crown may give the dean 

 and chapter power to appoint a bishop-coadjutor. 



Coagulation, the amorphous (q.v.) solidifi- 

 cation of a liquid, or part of a liquid, as when the 

 casein of milk is solidified by rennet in making 

 Cheese (q.v.), or the white of an egg by boiling. 

 The process varies in various substances. Albumen, 

 or the white of an egg, coagulates at a temperature 

 of 160. Milk is coagulated or curdled by the action 

 of rennet or by acids. The fibrin in the blood, 

 chyle, and lymph of animals is coagulated by the 

 separation of these fluids from the living body. See 

 BLOOD. 



Coalllli'la, a state of Mexico, separated from 

 Texas by the Rio Grande, has an area of 59,280 

 sq. m., partly mountainous, and forming in the 

 west a part of the wilderness of the Bolson de 

 Mapimi. The climate is healthy, although ex- 

 tremes of heat and cold are usual. The state is 

 rich in minerals, especially silver, and coal has been 

 found. It has valuable pasturage, and in many 

 parts a most fertile soil ; but no district of Mexico 

 is so little known, or has been less developed. The 

 construction of the National Railway has, however, 

 prepared the way for a change, and already several 

 cotton-factories and a large number of flour-mills 

 are in operation. Pop. (1882) 144,594. Capital, 

 Saltillo(q.v.). 



Coaita. See SPIDER-MONKEY. 



Coal, in the sense of a piece of glowing fuel 

 (and hence a piece of fuel, whether dead or alive), 

 is a word common to all the languages of the Gothic 

 stock (A.S. col, Icel. kol, Ger. kohle}. The dif- 

 ferent sorts of fuel are distinguished by prefixes, as 

 cAarcoal, pit-co&\ ; but in England, owing to the 



