COALVILLE 



COATZACOALCO 



rises higher and higher. At lirst various gases, 

 aiiunoiiiii ami naphtha, are ..l.tuiin-.l in I In- extent 

 of alMiut ,',,th part of tin- original tar, and then dis- 

 tillation .-eases, iiltliougli tli' 1 temperature g rad u 

 all\ ii- -. Alter a period of alioiit an hour, more 

 oil*, like the former, lighter than water, are 

 ol.iainiMl, mid so on the distillation prOOMcb, with 

 SUIT. iv.- intervals, yielding what are known as 

 Creosote oils, and finally Anthracene oils, the 

 re-idue in the still lieing pitch. 



At first, when anthracene was of little import- 

 ance, distillation was not pushed so far, and the 

 anthracene oils were allowed to remain in the 

 pitch ; Imt since the discovery of the process for 

 niiiking artificial Alizarin (q.v.), the heat is pushed 

 as far as possible consistent with the production of 

 a pitch that will sell. The first lignt oils yield 

 chieily len/ol, carbolic acid, and naphtha. The 

 creosote oils yield creosote and naphthaline, while 

 the anthracene oils produce anthracene and lubri- 

 cating oils. 



After this enumeration of the chief coal-tar pro- 

 ducts, it will be possible to realise the great im- 

 portance of this substance. The naphtha, besides 

 being used as a solvent for india-rubber and gutta- 

 percha, is burned to produce a fine variety of carbon 

 for printing-ink. The benzol, including in this 

 term many nearly allied substances, not only yields 

 many brilliant dyes, but is used for cleaning gloves, 

 silks, &c., and other articles which would be injured 

 by washing. The creosote in its crude form is 

 largely used for preserving wood, enabling it to be 

 exposed in damp situations without rotting, while, 

 when burned, its smoke yields lampblack. The 

 naphthaline, besides being a source of many dyes, 

 is employed in the Albo-carbpn light to give to 

 ordinary coal-gas very high illuminating power. 

 Finally, the residual pitch is in constant requisition 

 for making rooting felt and asphalt pavement. 

 Besides these primary products of coal-tar, there 

 are of course numerous compounds derived more or 

 less remotely from it. Such are the aniline dyes, the 

 quinine substitutes, antipyrin, antifebrin, we., and 

 the sweetening substance, Saccharin (q.v.), which 

 may be used to replace sugar in many cases. For 

 further references, see ANILINE, ALIZARIN, BEN- 

 ZENE, CREOSOTE, and NAPHTHALENE ; also Lunge's 

 Coal-tar and Ammonia ( 1887). 



Coalville, a village of Leicestershire, 16 miles 

 NW. of Leicester by rail. Pop. 1904. 



4'oail/.;i. a river of West Africa, in the Portu- 

 guese colony of Angola, Hows generally NW., and 

 enters the Atlantic about 30 miles S. of St. Paul 

 de Loando, by a mouth over a mile broad. It is 

 navigable for light vessels as far as the CambamlK' 

 cataracts, over 120 miles, and is regularly traversed 

 as far as Dindo, a few miles below, by the trading 

 vessels of a steamship company established by the 

 Portuguese, who have many settlements on the 

 banks. 



Coast Defence. The character of the defence 

 provided for the coasts of a state must depend on 

 the nature of the coast and of the attack to oe anti- 

 cipated. In Germany a solution of the problem has 

 been sought mainly by means of submarine mines, 

 associated with a strong flotilla of torpedo-boats, 

 and, in certain spots, with powerful batteries. 

 Italy intrusts the defence of her coasts chiefly to 

 her very powerful fleet of ironclads, which can move 

 from place to place as required. In France and Eng- 

 land all these methods are employed : mine-fields, 

 which to te effective must be protected by artillery ; 

 torpedo-boat flotillas; batteries; and a strong 

 fleet of heavy ships, some of which have been 

 specially designed for this purpose, though their 

 usefulness has been much questioned. In Italy 

 ihe unusual feature of 120-ton guns mounted in 



gun-barges, to take part in the defence of certain 

 important harlxiuni, is also to be noticed. AH a 

 general defence against an attack in force, Htrong 



liatterii- in conneetion \\ith mine Held* offer, per- 

 haps, the Kest security. Against d-j. n-datioim by 

 isolated ships or cruiser*, well-placed gum* on 

 the disaj, peai in- system, with some fa-t tor]edo- 

 hoats, would probably be '"out efficacious. The 

 question of the best system of defence, under the 

 great changes which have taken place in the 

 material of warfare, must probably remain unde- 

 cided until more experience has been gained. 



Coastguard, ftn organisation formerly in- 

 tended to prevent smuggling merely, but now con- 

 stituted so as to serve as a defensive force also. 

 The old coastguardsmen were in the employment 

 of the Customs department ; they were posteu along 

 the shore at spots commanding extensive views of 

 the beach, and were expected to be always on the 

 lookout for smugglers. In 1856 the coastguard 

 was transferred to the Admiralty, and under this 

 arrangement the Admiralty may, from time to 

 time, issue orders for the augmentation of the 

 coastguard, not to exceed 10,000 men in all. 

 Lands not exceeding three acres each may l>e 

 bought by the Admiralty for coastguard stations. 

 The coasts of the United Kingdom have been 

 divided into eleven districts. Each district is under 

 a navy captain, who has an ironclad guardship at 

 some port in the district. All the revenue cruisers 

 and defence-gunboats are attached as tenders to 

 the ships, and are manned therefrom. The able 

 seamen, borne on the ships' books, and employed 

 on shore in coastguard service, are in three classes- 

 chief boatmen, commissioned boatmen, and boat- 

 men. They receive high-sea pay, besides Is. 4d. 

 per day in "lieu of provisions, and house- rent and 

 medical attendance free. In war-time, all of these 

 men may be called upon to serve as regular sailors 

 on board ship ; but their families are allowed to 

 live rent-free during this time. The coastguard are 

 taught naval gunnery, gunboat exercise, and the 

 serving of land-batteries. The guardships are also 

 employed as training ships for the navy. The whole 

 of the coastguard now comprises some 4200 men ; 

 and the charge for their maintenance and that of 

 their ships is about 460,000. 



Coast Range, a range of mountains nearly 

 parallel to the Pacific Coast in California (q.v.). 

 <oast Survey of United States. See CHART. 

 4'oat bridge, a thriving manufacturing town 

 in Lanarkshire, 9 miles E. of Glasgow by rail, 

 and 32 W. by S. of Edinburgh. The centre of a 

 great mineral* district, it is surrounded bv numer- 

 ous blast-furnaces, and produces malleable iron, 

 boilers, tubes, tin-plate, firebricks and tiles, and 

 railway wagons. Coatbridge has grown very 

 rapidly in size and prosperity a growth largely 

 due to the development of tne Gartsherne Iron- 

 works of Messrs Baird (q.v.), first put in blast, 4th 

 May 1830. Pop. ( 1831 ) 741 ; ( 1851 ) 8564 ; (1871 > 

 15,802 ; ( 1881 ) 18,425 ; ( 1891 ) 29,996. In 188o Coat- 

 bridge was made a municipal burgh. See A. Mil- 

 ler's Rise and Progress of Coatbrutge (Glas. 1864). 



Co'ati, or COATI-MUNDI (Nasiia), a genus of 

 the raccoon family (Procyonidu-), in the bear-like 

 section of Carnivora. There are two species found 

 in Mexico, Central America, and South America. 

 They live on trees, feeding somewhat omnivorously, 

 Ud grabbing with an upturned flexible snout 

 They are social in their habits, and readily adapt 

 themselves to domestication. See RACCOON. 

 Coat of Arms. See HERALDRY. 

 Coatzaeoaleo, a river of the isthmus of 

 Tehuantepec in Mexico, rises in the bierra Madre, 

 and falls into the Gulf of Mexico, 130 miles S.L. of 



