330 



COEHORNS 



COFFEE 



be advantageously employed. Coehoorn covered 

 himself with honour at Senef ( 1674), before Kaisers- 

 werth (1689), and at Fleurus (1690). He fortified 

 Namur, and defended it against Vauban in 1692 ; 

 besieged that fortress in 1695, and retook it ; was 

 appointed lieutenant-general and director-in-chief 

 of the Dutch fortifications, and fortified several 

 towns, of which Bergen-op-Zoom was considered his 

 masterpiece. In the war of the Spanish succes- 

 sion he defeated the French more than once, and 

 took Huy and Limburg. He died at the Hague, 

 on his way to meet Marlborough, March 17, 1704. 

 He left two important works on fortification. 



Coeliorns named from the military engineer 

 who introduced them are small bronze Mortars 

 <q.v. ), f cwt. in weight, and of 4f inches calibre. 

 Being easily carried, they are useful in sieges, to 

 annoy working parties, and in situations where 

 guns cannot be employed, such as the attack of 

 hill-forts in India. 



Co'lcilterata, the technical name for the 

 second lowest alliance of many-celled animals. 

 The class includes ( 1 ) locomotor types jelly-fishes, 

 swimming bells or medusoids, colonial medusoids 

 such as the Portuguese Man-of-war, and extremely 

 active organisms known as Ctenophores ; (2) tubu- 

 lar forms or 'polyps' (mostly fixed) the common 

 Hydra, the compound Hydroids or zoophytes, the 

 sea-anemones, compound sea-anemone-like types 

 such as Dead-men s Fingers, and limy or coral 

 modifications from all these. The two types, 

 medusoid and polypoid, are inseparably United 

 together by real though not obvious resemblance 

 in structure, and by the facts that many swimming 

 bells are only detached and modified reproductive 

 members of fixed zoophyte colonies, and that a 

 fixed polypoid stage occurs as a chapter in the life- 

 history of some common jelly-fishes. 



General Characters. (1) The Ccelenterates are 

 nearer the primitive two-layered sack-like ancestral 

 form, the Gastrula (see EMBRYOLOGY), than are 

 higher animals; (2) they are radially symmetrical 

 in almost all cases, that is, they are the same all 

 round, and a line drawn vertically through the 

 body of Hydra, Sea-anemone, or Jelly-fish corre- 

 sponds to the long axis of the gastrula ; ( 3 ) they 

 do not possess any body-cavity distinct from the 

 alimentary tube ; (4) they have not a distinctly 

 developed third or middle layer of cells, as in 

 higher animals; (5) there is an almost constant 

 presence of offensive stinging cells ; (6) vegetative 

 multiplication by budding is very common, and 

 division of labour is frequent in the resulting 

 colonial organisms; (7) the life-history of ten illus- 

 trates Alternation of Generations (q.v. ); (8) ' coral' - 

 forms occur abundantly by the formation of limy 

 ''skeletons' in various passive types. 



Classification. (a) The Hydroids and the swim- 

 ming bells often associated with them, the jelly-fish 

 proper, colonial locomotor colonies like the Portu- 

 guese Man-of-war (q.v.), the limy Hydrocorallin;w 

 (see MILLEPORES), &c., are grouped together 

 as Hydrozoa. (b) The Sea-anemone and Dead- 

 men's Finger types, with their associated 'corals,' 

 form the division known as Actinozoa (q.v.). (c) 

 The climax of activity is represented by the Cteno- 

 phora (q.v.), such as Beroe (q.v.). For details and 

 fossil forms, see separate articles. 



Habit of Life. Five or six Coelenterates, in- 

 cluding the common Hydra, are fresh-water 

 animals ; the others are marine. A few are para- 

 sitic. Most of the active forms are found in the 

 open sea, near the surface, but some live at great 

 depths. The sedentary forms occur at all depths, 

 and are often anchored on other animals, which 

 they sometimes mask. The food of the great 

 majority consists of small organisms, in the seizure 



of which the almost constant tentacles and sting- 

 ing cells are very important. 



Relationships. For the connections between 

 Hydra and the compound zoophytes, between the 

 polypoid and medusoid types, between the medu- 

 soids and the Portuguese Man-of-war order, be- 

 tween medusoids and Ctenophores, between Sea- 

 anemones and the sessile type exhibited in the 

 life-history of some jelly-fishes, see separate 

 articles (ANEMONE, BEROE, CORAL, CTENOPHORA, 

 HYDROZOA, JELLY-FISH, &c.). 



Pedigree. The ancestral Coelenterate was prob- 

 ably gastrula-like. Modification has taken two 

 main directions of increasing activity and increas- 

 ing fixedness. The class as a whole probably arose 

 apart both from the lower Sponges and from all 

 the higher animals. See Huxley's Anatomy of 

 Invertebrates, and other general works of Glaus, 

 Gegenbaur, Rolleston and Hatchett Jackson, Zittel, 

 &c. , and monographs noted under special articles. 



4'u'lcsJ inns. See CELESTINE. 



Ccele-Syria ( ' Hollow Syria ' ), now called by 

 the natives El-Buka'a, 'the deep plain,' a valley 

 of Syria, extending between the ranges of the 

 Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon. It is 1706 feet above 

 the sea, and is watered by the Orontes (now El- 

 Asi). Above the valley stand the ruins of Baalbek. 



Coe'liac Axis. See AORTA. 



Coenobites (Gr. koinos, 'common,' and bios, 

 ' life ' ), the name given to those monks who live 

 together, in contradistinction to anchorites or 

 hermits, who withdraw from all society, and live in 

 a solitary fashion. See MONACHISM. 



Coenuriis. See BLADDER-WORM, CESTOID 

 WORMS, TAPEWORMS. 



Coffee (Turkish qahveh, from Arabic qahweh, 

 originally meaning 'wine'). This well-known 

 beverage is an infusion of the roasted seeds of the 

 coffee-tree (Coffea Arabica), a native of Abyssinia, 

 Arabia, and many parts of Africa, and naturalised 

 in many of the tropical countries colonised by 

 Europeans. There are some twenty species of 

 Coffea, but few of them seem to possess valuable 

 properties ; the seeds of C. Mauritiana, prepared in 

 the same way, are bitter and slightly emetic. The 

 genus belongs to the natural order Cinchonacese. 

 It has a tubular 4-5-cleft corolla, and a succulent 

 fruit containing two cells lined with a cartilaginous 

 membrane, and each containing one seed. 



In a wild state, it is a slender tree of 15-25 

 feet high, with few branches ; in cultivation, 

 it is seldom allowed to become more than 6-10 

 feet high, and is made to assume a sort of 

 pyramidal form, with horizontal branches almost 

 from the ground. The leaves are evergreen, 

 opposite, very shining, oblong, and leathery ; the 

 flowers are small, clustered in the axils of the 

 leaves, and snow-white ; the whole appearance of 

 the tree is very pleasing ; and the smell of the 

 flowers is delicious. The fruit, when ripe, is of a 

 dark-scarlet colour, and the seeds are semi-elliptic 

 and of a horny hardness. The seeds are commonly 

 but incorrectly termed coffee beans, or, still more 

 incorrectly, coffee berries. 



The coffee-tree succeeds only in countries where 

 the average temperature of the year is about 

 64-70 F. In Peru and Quito it is acclimatised 

 at an elevation of 6000 feet, where, however, frost 

 never occurs ; but as it delights in a moist atmo- 

 sphere, it nowhere thrives better than in tropical 

 islands. In the hothouses of Britain the corfee- 

 tree frequently flowers and the fruit ripens. 

 Coffee plantations are laid out pretty much in the 

 same way everywhere. In quadrangles, bordered by 

 fruit-trees, the coffee-trees stand in rows ; they are 

 pruned to the same height, and the ground between 



